{"id":1875,"date":"2012-02-14T10:00:42","date_gmt":"2012-02-14T10:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/?p=1875"},"modified":"2012-03-20T16:43:04","modified_gmt":"2012-03-20T16:43:04","slug":"ce-poate-insemna-o-cultura-de-constantin-noica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/2012\/02\/14\/ce-poate-insemna-o-cultura-de-constantin-noica\/","title":{"rendered":"“Ce poate \u00eensemna o cultur\u0103 “"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Modelul cultural european – 2<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

CE POATE \u00ceNSEMNA O CULTUR\u0102<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>de\u00a0<\/strong> Constantin Noica<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 ar disp\u0103rea cultura european\u0103, \u00eenc\u0103 ar putea supravie\u0163ui ceva din ea: modelul pe care l a dat lumii istorice. El ar reap\u0103rea drept con\u015ftiin\u0163a de sine a oric\u0103rei alte culturi depline \u2014 \u00een cazul c\u0103 ar mai fi vreuna.
\nP\u00een\u0103 la cultura european\u0103, toate celelalte \u015ftiute nou\u0103 au fost par\u0163iale: au cunoscut numai un col\u0163 de Terra, oric\u00eet de \u00eentins ar fi fost el, \u015fi au dat socoteal\u0103 numai de versiunea lor a spiritului. Singur\u0103 cultura european\u0103, cel pu\u0163in din perspectiva noastr\u0103, dup\u0103 ce a \u00eencercat felurite variante (bizantin\u0103, romano catolic\u0103, italian\u0103, francez\u0103, anglo saxon\u0103, ultimele dou\u0103 pe un fond germanic), s a deschis, prin con\u015ftiin\u0163\u0103 istoric\u0103, \u00eenspre toate culturile \u015ftiute. Fa\u0163\u0103 de ea, celelalte ne par parohiale. S\u0103 fie aci o iluzie europocentric\u0103? \u00cen fond, nici nu le mai \u00eenregistr\u0103m drept culturi depline, ci configura\u0163ii culturale: configura\u0163ia egiptean\u0103, chinez\u0103, indian\u0103, \u00een unele privin\u0163e chiar cea greac\u0103, admirabil\u0103 \u015fi ne\u00eencetat fecund\u0103, cum este. Atunci c\u00eend Spengler sau Toynbee vorbesc despre culturi, ei \u00eenf\u0103\u0163i\u015feaz\u0103 de fapt simple configura\u0163ii culturale, din r\u00eendul c\u0103rora ar face parte \u015fi cea european\u0103.
\nDar deosebirea dintre o configura\u0163ie cultural\u0103 \u015fi o cultur\u0103 deplin\u0103 a \u015fi fost sugerat\u0103. Configura\u0163iile \u2014 apar\u0163in\u00eend c\u00eete unui singur popor sau conglomerat \u00eenchis \u2014 nu au cultivat \u015fi nu cultiv\u0103 omul deplin, \u00een toate versiunile lui, a\u015fa cum au ignorat \u015fi ignor\u0103 restul sferei terestre, adic\u0103 tot p\u0103m\u00eentul locuit (=oikoum\u00e9ne), nefiind ecumenice. Au r\u0103mas \u00eenchise \u00een ele \u00eensele \u015fi \u00een buna lor \u00eent\u00eelnire cu natura. C\u00eend miraculoasa cultur\u0103 greac\u0103 a conceput, sub numele de kalokagathia, des\u0103v\u00eer\u015firea uman\u0103, ea n a trecut o neamurilor, a\u015fa cum \u015fi a trecut cre\u015ftinismul mesajul sau cum \u00ee\u015fi trece Europa valorile \u015fi civiliza\u0163ia; iar c\u00eend \u015fi a des\u0103v\u00eer\u015fit limba \u015fi a \u00eenceput s o exploreze, cultura greac\u0103 nu a socotit necesar s o confrunte cu alte limbi, a\u015fa cum face lingvistica european\u0103; c\u00eend a n\u0103zuit s\u0103 \u015ftie tot, nu s a deschis prin istorie c\u0103tre restul lumii (\u00een afar\u0103 de contactul cu egiptenii, \u015fi \u00eenc\u0103); \u00een sf\u00eer\u015fit, chiar atunci c\u00eend s a ridicat la ra\u0163iune, ea s a oprit \u00een fa\u0163a ira\u0163ionalului, neintegr\u00eendu l ra\u0163ional nici m\u0103car \u00een matematici \u015fi l\u0103s\u00eendu l s o p\u0103trund\u0103 \u00een zonele ei obscur religioase. \u00cen fapt, toate culturile las\u0103 ira\u0163ionalul dincolo, pe c\u00eend cea european\u0103 \u00eel aduce \u015fi \u00eentrupeaz\u0103 aici.
\nNu va fi \u201eeuropocentrism”, atunci, \u00een a declara c\u0103 modelul european ar putea fi singurul valabil \u015fi pentru alte culturi. Despre europocentrism se vorbea numai pe vremea c\u00eend Europa ignora valorile altor culturi \u015fi civiliza\u0163ii, chiar dac\u0103 pe plan istoric luase contact cu ele. \u00cens\u0103 \u00een veacul al XX lea termenul \u015fi a pierdut sensul peiorativ, de vreme ce cultura european\u0103 nu doar a asimilat ce era valabil \u00een alte culturi (\u00een primul r\u00eend, experien\u0163a de art\u0103 \u015fi de limb\u0103, uneori \u015fi de g\u00eendire), dar \u015fi a extins ea valorile morale, ideologice, economice \u015fi de civiliza\u0163ie peste ele, europeniz\u00eend \u00een chip firesc tot globul. Iar dac\u0103 pe orizontala prezentului modelul european este adoptat at\u00eet de firesc, de ce nu ar opera el \u015fi pe verticala timpului, oferindu ne prototipul \u00een lumina c\u0103ruia s\u0103 putem \u00een\u0163elege limitele culturilor trecute \u015fi s\u0103 \u00eenchipuim culturile viitoare posibile?
\nCum a ob\u0163inut cultura european\u0103 acest titlu, poate fi sugerat, fie \u015fi \u00een chip nesigur. Misterul ei este de a nu avea mister, deci \u00eenchidere \u00een sine, a\u015fa cum au dovedit c\u0103 au culturile mai \u00eemplinite din trecut, chiar grecii, cu unele oracole \u015fi \u201emistere” ale lor. \u00cen orice caz cultura european\u0103 nu reclam\u0103 ini\u0163iere: ra\u0163iunea ei filozofic\u0103, metodele ei \u015ftiin\u0163ifice \u00een frunte cu matematicile, valorile ei morale \u015fi politice (demnitate uman\u0103, libertate, ideal de echitate) stau la \u00eendem\u00eena oricui. Pe de alt\u0103 parte, ea \u00ee\u015fi realizeaz\u0103 liber modelul, c\u0103ci a \u015ftiut de la \u00eenceput s\u0103 ias\u0103, cu o natur\u0103 transfigurat\u0103, de sub venera\u0163ia oarb\u0103 a naturii. Orice alt\u0103 cultur\u0103, e drept, a dep\u0103\u015fit condi\u0163ia natural\u0103 \u015fi a ie\u015fit de sub necesitatea ei; dar toate cele \u015ftiute au r\u0103mas p\u00een\u0103 la urm\u0103 \u00een cump\u0103n\u0103 cu natura, din care \u015fi au tras mitologiile \u015fi zeii, pe care au sanctificat o \u015fi, \u00een definitiv, pe care au l\u0103sat o \u015fi acceptat o \u00eentocmai.
\nCultura european\u0103 se a\u015faz\u0103 de la \u00eenceput dincolo de natur\u0103, care pentru cre\u015ftinism este c\u0103zut\u0103, o dat\u0103 cu omul, iar pentru religia \u015ftiin\u0163ei este spectralizat\u0103 \u015fi trecut\u0103 \u00een laborator. Ea este o cultur\u0103 a ne firescului, una supra realist\u0103 pe toate planurile: cu mitologia ei (nicidecum natural\u0103, ci n\u0103scut\u0103 dintr o singur\u0103 legend\u0103, cea a copilului n\u0103scut \u00een iesle), cu teologia ei, cu filozofia, \u015ftiin\u0163a \u015fi tehnica ei. De aceea ea poate da arhetipul oric\u0103ror altor culturi, ar\u0103t\u00eend par\u0163ialitatea lor. Iar spre deosebire de acestea, ea poate avea sens \u015fi desf\u0103\u015furare chiar \u00een cosmos c\u00eendva, dovedind \u2014 a\u015fa cum spunea Hegel \u015fi cum nu se putea concepe \u00een culturile trecute \u2014 c\u0103 natura de pe Terra este contingent\u0103.
\nCa dovad\u0103, pentru prezent cel pu\u0163in, c\u0103 Europa (al c\u0103rei nume Spengler cerea \u00een chip absurd s\u0103 fie scos din istorie, spre a fi \u00eenlocuit cu \u201efausticul” desper\u0103rii \u015fi exasper\u0103rii umane) nu reprezint\u0103 o cultur\u0103 \u00eentre altele este faptul c\u0103 ea a educat \u015fi educ\u0103 \u00een continuare tot globul, dup\u0103 cum tot ea a descoperit restul lumii, iar nu restul lumii pe ea. Mai mult \u00eenc\u0103: nu numai civiliza\u0163ia, ci chiar cultura ei educ\u0103 din\u0103untru alte lumi \u015fi rase, potrivindu li se \u00eentr astfel de parc\u0103 valorile, \u015ftiin\u0163ele, metodele europene ar fi fost descoperite de ele. Ideologiile europene le trezesc la via\u0163\u0103 istoric\u0103 proprie. Dac\u0103 matematicile ar fi putut fi ob\u0163inute de asiatici, ei n au \u015ftiut s\u0103 dea nici fizica, nici biologia ca atare, necum istoria ori antropologia. Totu\u015fi, \u015ftiin\u0163ele s\u00eent uneori \u00eentreprinse chiar mai bine de ei, c\u0103ci au o sporit\u0103 aten\u0163ie \u2014 demersul originar al vie\u0163ii spirituale \u015fi de cunoa\u015ftere \u2014, a\u015fa cum au mai mult\u0103 supunere la obiect. Numai c\u0103 europenismul, intrat \u00een expansiune (\u015fi adoptat la fel de firesc cum, \u00een mic, a adoptat lumea tracic\u0103 civiliza\u0163ia roman\u0103), risc\u0103 s\u0103 striveasc\u0103 sensurile tradi\u0163ionale apar\u0163in\u00eend acelor configura\u0163ii culturale \u00een izolarea lor. \u00cen ceasul acesta de trecere spre o alt\u0103 cultur\u0103, mai adev\u0103rat\u0103 istoric, care \u00eei adevere\u015fte \u015fi pe ei, unii japonezi, con\u015ftien\u0163i de pierderea valorilor proprii, se sinucid. \u00cen cur\u00eend o vor face \u015fi al\u0163i asiatici, poate chiar c\u00ee\u0163iva africani. (Indienii \u00een schimb n au nevoie s o fac\u0103, de vreme ce au demisionat din via\u0163a istoric\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 de la \u00eenceput.)
\nCeea ce d\u0103 un plus de \u00eenvestire culturii europene este modul ei de existen\u0163\u0103. \u00cen existen\u0163a istoric\u0103 au fost \u015fi s\u00eent angajate de asemenea toate culturile trecute, dar ele au sf\u00eer\u015fit, uneori degrab\u0103, la existen\u0163\u0103 stagnant\u0103. La egipteni, la chinezi, la indieni, intrarea \u00een stagnare istoric\u0103 a fost evident\u0103; chiar grecii, cu \u00eentreaga lor via\u0163\u0103 istoric\u0103 \u015fi civiliza\u0163ie, intraser\u0103 \u00een stagnare. Datorit\u0103 poate prea bunei lor \u00eempletiri cu natura, \u00een orice caz datorit\u0103 schimbului lor cultural prea redus cu alte lumi, unele culturi sf\u00eer\u015fesc prin a \u015fi supravie\u0163ui pur \u015fi simplu, c\u00eend nu dispar \u00een chip violent. Dar o cultur\u0103 autentic\u0103 \u015fi deplin\u0103 nu ar putea pieri din\u0103untrul ei, iar viziunea mor\u0163ii \u201efire\u015fti” a culturilor, de ordinul celei a lui Spengler, \u0163ine de organicism \u015fi de etnicism, nicidecum de spiritul culturii.
\n\u00cen spiritul culturii, \u00een\u0163eleas\u0103 ca structur\u0103 istoric\u0103 deschis\u0103, nu \u00eencape sf\u00eer\u015fit; modelul ei nu piere, a\u015fa cum nu pier (dec\u00eet doar prin suprimare violent\u0103 a subiectului sau materiei ce le poart\u0103) operele de art\u0103 ori ideile. Ca o structur\u0103 deschis\u0103, spre deosebire de culturile \u00eenchise de p\u00een\u0103 acum, modelul european nu poart\u0103 \u00een sine o pulsiune a mor\u0163ii \u2014 put\u00eend fi reluat, cum \u015fi este, pe \u00eentregul glob \u2014 \u015fi nici nu poart\u0103 tendin\u0163e de intrare \u00een stagnare. \u00cen momentul c\u00eend, \u00een urma celor dou\u0103 r\u0103zboaie nefaste, continentul european a p\u0103rut s\u0103 r\u0103m\u00een\u0103 doar un spa\u0163iu muzeal \u015fi s\u0103 treac\u0103 \u00een stagnare istoric\u0103, a ap\u0103rut versiunea american\u0103 a modelului, cea sovietic\u0103, ba chiar versiunea japonez\u0103 pe plan industrial, tot at\u00eetea modalit\u0103\u0163i sortite s\u0103 scoat\u0103 totul din stagnare \u015fi poate s\u0103 re\u00eensufle\u0163easc\u0103 modelul pe continent el \u00eensu\u015fi.
\nToate acestea s\u00eent cu putin\u0163\u0103 prin modul de existen\u0163\u0103 al modelului european, o existen\u0163\u0103 \u00een neodihna creativit\u0103\u0163ii. De ce e creatoare cultura european\u0103? Tocmai pentru c\u0103 nu e ini\u0163iatic\u0103. Ea e \u201etransmis\u0103” permanent altora \u015fi \u00eensu\u015fit\u0103 de ei. Trebuie deci s\u0103 creeze noul permanent, spre a fi. E felul ei de a fi. Nimic nu pune cap\u0103t \u015fi \u0163int\u0103 spiritului creator; fiecare crea\u0163ie na\u015fte altele, a\u015fa cum r\u0103spunsurile culturii europene nasc alte \u00eentreb\u0103ri. O cultur\u0103 este autentic\u0103 \u00een clipa c\u00eend treze\u015fte \u00een ea izvoarele ne\u00eencetatei re\u00eennoiri. Ea nu se poate \u00eemboln\u0103vi de senectute, fiind \u00een condi\u0163ia izvorului, nu a b\u0103l\u0163ii stagnante. Ce este mai viu nu se afl\u0103 atunci \u00eend\u0103r\u0103tul, ci \u00eenaintea ei. De aceea \u2014 \u00een sensul ei restr\u00eens, de cultur\u0103 umanist\u0103 a valorilor \u015fi ideilor \u2014 o cultur\u0103 deplin\u0103 nici nu poate r\u0103m\u00eene una doar \u201eexegetic\u0103”, a\u015fa cum s\u00eent cultura indian\u0103 ori cea chinez\u0103, pentru care tot ce este mai bun s a spus c\u00eendva. Actul de cultur\u0103, cu luciditatea \u015fi interogativitatea pe care le aduce, este prospectiv.
\nAtunci modelul unei culturi depline poate fi \u00eencercat. El exprim\u0103, la fiecare treapt\u0103, o ie\u015fire din condi\u0163ia natural\u0103 a umanit\u0103\u0163ii. Spre deosebire de configura\u0163iile culturale, orice cultur\u0103 deplin\u0103 \u2014 cu o prim\u0103 aproxima\u0163ie \u2014 aduce:<\/strong><\/p>\n


\n1. o supranatur\u0103, schimb\u00eend raportul dintre om \u015fi natur\u0103 \u00een favoarea celui dint\u00eei;<\/strong><\/p>\n


\n2. o cunoa\u015ftere ra\u0163ional\u0103, dincolo de cea natural\u0103 care este doar descriptiv\u0103, cunoa\u015ftere capabil\u0103 s\u0103 integreze ira\u0163ionalul;<\/strong><\/p>\n


\n3. o superioar\u0103 organizare \u015ftiin\u0163ific\u0103 \u015fi tehnic\u0103 de via\u0163\u0103, cu l\u0103rgire a existen\u0163ei \u015fi cunoa\u015fterii proprii prin istorie;<\/strong><\/p>\n


\n4. un orizont deschis, ca o limita\u0163ie care nu limiteaz\u0103, p\u00een\u0103 la ie\u015firea prin crea\u0163ii din timpul istoric.<\/strong><\/p>\n


\nUn asemenea model acoper\u0103 ast\u0103zi Terra \u015fi se preg\u0103te\u015fte s\u0103 treac\u0103 prin v\u0103mile v\u0103zduhului. E de prisos s\u0103 se spun\u0103 c\u0103, pe Terra, modelul european a s\u0103v\u00eer\u015fit nelegiuiri f\u0103r\u0103 precedent, \u00een versiunea sa de p\u00een\u0103 acum. Configura\u0163iile culturale, trecute \u015fi prezente, s\u00eent precare \u00een esen\u0163a lor; modelul european a fost a\u015fa numai \u00een existen\u0163\u0103.<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Modelul cultural european – 2 CE POATE \u00ceNSEMNA O CULTUR\u0102 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 de\u00a0 Constantin Noica Dac\u0103 ar disp\u0103rea cultura european\u0103, \u00eenc\u0103 [&hellip<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1875","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articole"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1875","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1875"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1875\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1875"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1875"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1875"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}