{"id":27875,"date":"2016-11-16T13:15:34","date_gmt":"2016-11-16T13:15:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/?p=27875"},"modified":"2016-11-16T13:49:05","modified_gmt":"2016-11-16T13:49:05","slug":"posada-azi-colocviile-de-marti-29-noiembrie-2016-5-pm-calderon-39","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/2016\/11\/16\/posada-azi-colocviile-de-marti-29-noiembrie-2016-5-pm-calderon-39\/","title":{"rendered":"Posada azi – Colocviile de Mar\u021bi, 29 noiembrie 2016, 5 pm, Calderon 39"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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POSADA\u00a0 AZI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sun Tzu \u2013 Mariana Gurza \u2013 Pu\u0219i Dinulescu \u2013 Dimitrie Grama \u2013 Mihaela Georgescu-Delafras \u2013 Silvia Jinga \u2013 Corneliu Zelea Codreanu \u2013 Jacques Attali \u2013 Vlad Mischevca<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Colocviile de Mar\u021bi <\/a><\/p>\n

Mar\u021bi\u00a0 29 noiembrie\u00a0 2016, 5 pm, Calderon 39 <\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/a>Anul VII, nr. 12<\/a> (85).\u00a0 <\/a><\/p>\n

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Tema:\u00a0 <\/a>POSADA\u00a0 AZI<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Memento: Aniversare Andrei Mure\u0219an 200 n (16); Ziua Constitu\u021biei Indiei (26n); <\/a>In memoriam Vasile Andru<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Recital Sergiu Cioiu<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Interven\u021bii<\/a><\/p>\n

Pu\u0219i Dinulescu: Via\u021ba ca un jaf<\/a><\/p>\n

George Anca:<\/a> Icoana cre\u0219terii rele<\/a><\/p>\n

Viorel Speteanu: Posada azi<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Teatru de Poezie<\/a><\/p>\n

Pu\u0219i Dinulescu, Gheorghe<\/a>D\u0103nil\u0103<\/a>, <\/a>Gabriela T\u0103nase , Vali Pena, \u0218tefan Opreanu <\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Lans\u0103ri de carte<\/a><\/p>\n

Dumitru Dr\u0103ghicescu (1875-1945)<\/a>, Rotipo, Ia\u0219i, 2016<\/a><\/p>\n

Antimiana III<\/a>, Rotipo, 2016<\/a><\/p>\n

Lumina lumii<\/a>, R\u00e2mnicu-V\u00e2lcea, 2016<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/a>Coordonator: Dr. George Anca<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Parteneri: Asocia\u021bia Cultural\u0103 Rom\u00e2no-Indian\u0103, <\/a>Bharata Vidya Bhavan, <\/a>Academia<\/a>Interna\u021bional\u0103 <\/a>\u00a0<\/a>Mihai <\/a>\u00a0<\/a>Eminescu, Societatea de Etnologie\u00a0 <\/a>din Rom\u00e2nia, Centrul Antim Ivireanu, <\/a>Funda\u021bia <\/a>Dumitru <\/a>Dr\u0103ghicescu, <\/a>Funda\u021bia Alexandru Philippide, Asocia\u021bia Cultural\u0103 <\/a>Arom\u00e2measc\u0103, <\/a>Teatrul Robert Calul<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

SUN TZU<\/p>\n

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Ce vor Putin si Trump in Romania si Moldova?<\/p>\n

Cum vede Sun Tzu \u00eenfr\u00e2ngerea inamicului f\u0103r\u0103 lupt\u0103, se potriveste cu politica estului si vestului in Balcani?<\/p>\n

1. Discredita\u0163i tot ceea ce merge bine \u00een \u0163ara inamicului;<\/p>\n

2. Implica\u0163i reprezentan\u0163ii claselor conduc\u0103toare ai \u0163\u0103rii inamice \u00een afaceri dubioase. Distruge\u0163i-le reputa\u0163ia \u015fi, la momentul potrivit, supune\u0163i-i dispre\u0163ului propriilor concet\u0103\u0163eni;<\/p>\n

3. Utiliza\u0163i creaturile cele mai tic\u0103loase \u015fi mai abjecte;<\/p>\n

4. R\u0103sp\u00e2ndi\u0163i discordia \u015fi conflictele \u00eentre cet\u0103\u0163enii \u0163\u0103rilor ostile. \u00cent\u0103r\u00e2ta\u0163i-i pe tineri contra b\u0103tr\u00e2nilor;<\/p>\n

5. Ridiculiza\u0163i tradi\u0163iile adversarilor. Discredita\u0163i-le lumin\u0103torii de con\u015ftiin\u0163\u0103;<\/p>\n

6. Induce\u0163i \u00een eroare inamicul, spre a-l conduce la temporizare \u015fi neglijen\u0163\u0103, apoi avansa\u0163i cu repeziciune;<\/p>\n

7. Perturba\u0163i, prin orice mijloace, intenden\u0163a, aprovizionarea \u015fi func\u0163ionarea armatei inamicului;<\/p>\n

8. Sl\u0103bi\u0163i voin\u0163a lupt\u0103torilor inamici prin c\u00e2ntece \u015fi melodii senzuale;<\/p>\n

9. Da\u0163i inamicului fete \u015fi b\u0103ie\u0163i tineri pentru a-i lua min\u0163ile, dar \u015fi jad \u015fi m\u0103tase pentru a-i zg\u00e2nd\u0103ri ambi\u0163iile;<\/p>\n

10. Fi\u0163i genero\u015fi \u00een promisiuni \u015fi recompense pentru informa\u0163ii;<\/p>\n

11. Infiltra\u0163i-v\u0103 peste tot spionii. Baza\u0163i-v\u0103 pe tr\u0103d\u0103torii care se g\u0103sesc \u00een r\u00e2ndurile inamice;<\/p>\n

12. F\u0103ce\u0163i-l pe adversar s\u0103 cread\u0103 c\u0103 mai exist\u0103 o posibilitate de a se salva.\u00a0 Apoi, LOVI\u0162I !<\/p>\n

Scopul vostru trebuie s\u0103 fie preluarea intact\u0103 a tot ceea ce se afl\u0103 pe p\u0103m\u00e2nt. \u00cen acest fel trupele v\u0103 vor r\u0103m\u00e2ne odihnite, iar victoria va fi total\u0103.<\/p>\n

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MARIANA\u00a0 GURZA<\/p>\n

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Dumnezeu si umbr\u0103 – God and shadow<\/em> – o carte de poezie, \u00een edi\u021bie bilingv\u0103, de Mariana Gurza<\/p>\n

Traducere \u00een limba englez\u0103: – George Anca – Editura Singur – 2016<\/p>\n

De ce Mariana Gurza?<\/em><\/p>\n

La o prim\u0103 vedere, s-ar putea spune despre poezia Marianei Gurza c\u0103 este de un ermetism pe care mul\u0163i cititori nu l-ar \u00een\u0163elege. Deh, e mult mai u\u015for s\u0103 prive\u015fti poezia de azi prin prisma textualismului – dar dincolo de aparenta \u00eenchistare lingvistic\u0103 explodeaz\u0103 versuri neobi\u015fnuit de profunde; poate \u00een asta st\u0103 \u015fi coeficientul de ermetism pe care nu-l neg, doar \u00eel observ (ca parte, nu ca \u00eentreg).
\n\u00cencerc s\u0103 definesc global maniera scrisului Marianei Gurza, nu s\u0103 m\u0103 raportez la valen\u0163ele unui singur volum, astfel c\u0103 pot opina: aura profesoral\u0103 ca prim\u0103 senza\u0163ie, c\u00e2nd \u00eei cite\u015fti poemele aproape c\u0103 dispare, dac\u0103 te la\u015fi purtat de versuri, f\u0103r\u0103 inten\u0163ii critice imediate. Ce \u015fi-ar putea dori mai mult un poet, dec\u00e2t s\u0103 trezeasc\u0103 emo\u0163ia \u00een poten\u0163ialul cititor?, c\u0103ci tr\u0103im \u00eentr-o lume \u00een care sentimentul este, dup\u0103 tot mai desele p\u0103reri, mult mai u\u015for de generat pe calculator dec\u00e2t tr\u0103it pe viu, la intensitatea generat\u0103 de fiin\u0163a uman\u0103. E drept c\u0103 actualele resurse tehnologice \u00eendep\u0103rteaz\u0103 omul de propria sa expresivitate, \u00eendep\u0103rt\u00e2ndu-l astfel de partea lui artistic\u0103 \u2013 dar tot drept este c\u0103 poezia contemporan\u0103 s-a transformat \u00eentr-un fel de \u201ebun\u201d ce poate fi v\u00e2ndut ori cump\u0103rat precum o roat\u0103 de ma\u015fin\u0103, ca s\u0103 dau un exemplu. \u015ei-atunci cum s\u0103 convingi pe cineva c\u0103 arta este necesar\u0103? Tot felul de filme \u015fi informa\u0163ii mass media spun lumii c\u0103 arta se m\u0103soar\u0103 \u00een cota\u0163ii ale caselor de licita\u0163ii, c\u0103 e valoros numai ce cost\u0103 mul\u0163i bani, ignor\u00e2ndu-se (voit sau din ne\u015ftiin\u0163\u0103) rostul ei primordial, acela de a ne r\u0103scoli fiin\u0163a \u00een alt sens dec\u00e2t cel material.
\nPrin poezia sa, Mariana Gurza opune curajos latura spiritual\u0103 celei materiale, \u201erealiz\u0103rii\u201d facile prin materialul\/financiarul acestor timpuri dezaxate. De vom privi \u015fi partea spiritual\u0103 \u2013 depinde doar de noi. De nu, putem spune ca Nietzsche: \u201eDac\u0103 te ui\u0163i ad\u00e2nc \u00een neant, \u015fi neantul se uit\u0103 la tine\u201d.
\n\u015etefan Doru D\u0103ncu\u015f<\/p>\n

Why Mariana Gurza?<\/em><\/p>\n

At a first glance, it might say about poetry of Mariana Gurza that is of an hermeticism which many readers would not understand. Ay, it’s much easier to look at today poetry through textualism – but beyond of its apparent linguistic seclusion, unusually deep lyrics explode; perhaps this factor is hermetic and you do not deny it, just observe it (as a party, not as a whole).
\nI try to define global manner of writing of Mariana Gurza, not to refer to the valences of a single volume, so I can opine: aura professorial as a first feeling when you read her poems, the professional aura, as a first feeling, almost disappears if you let yourself be carried away by the lyrics without immediate critical intentions. What would be more liked for a poet than to arouse excitement in the potential reader ?, because we live in a world where the sentiment is, according to increasingly frequent opinion, much easier to be generated by computer than living lively, at intensity generated by human beings. It is true that current technological resources removes man from his own expressiveness, removing it from the side of art – but all right is that contemporary poetry has turned into a kind of “good” that can be sold or bought as a wheel of car , to give an example. And then how to convince someone that art is necessary? All sorts of films and information media tell the world that art is measured in quotes auction houses, it is valuable only costing money, ignoring (willingly or ignorantly) its primarily purpose, that to ransack our being in different meaning than material.<\/p>\n

Through her poetry, Mariana Gurza opposes courageously the spiritual side to the material one, to the facile “achievement” by material \/ financial of this unbalanced time. If we will look also to spiritual part – it depends only on us. If not, we can say like Nietzsche: “If you look deeply into nothingness, also nothingness looks at you.”<\/p>\n

\u015etefan Doru D\u0103ncu\u015f<\/p>\n

(Prefat\u0103 \/ Preface)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>
\nFrumoasa doamn\u0103 \u00eentru Dumnezeu si umbr\u0103<\/em><\/p>\n

Mariana Gurza atinge gratia poeziei prin \u00eemp\u0103rt\u0103sirea tr\u0103irilor sale cu p\u0103rinti si copii, eroi si sfinti, Bucovina si Zenon. Asa cum la Eminescu melancolia se face vers, la Valmiki soka (durere) devine sloka (verset), aici umbra se face litanie. Singur\u0103tatea de neam si nemaineam poart\u0103 rezistenta prin logos, \u00eenviere la \u00eenviere. Unul c\u00e2te unul, poemele se caut\u0103 liturgic rev\u0103rs\u00e2nd pietatea domestic-zenonian\u0103.
\n\u201dEram frumoas\u0103, \/ c\u00e2nd te a\u015fteptam.\u201d (Eram frumoas\u0103). \u201eAm crezut c\u0103 travestindu-m\u0103 \/ \u00een lumin\u0103, \/ \u00een disperare \/ am s\u0103-\u0163i adorm imagina\u0163ia.\u201d (Cerul pl\u00e2nge \u00een inima mea). \u201eAm crezut c\u0103 \u015ftii \/ cine sunt. \/ Eu m\u0103 credeam, \/ deopotriv\u0103 c\u0103 sunt \/ \u015fi umbr\u0103 \u015fi fiin\u0163\u0103.\u201d (Spune-mi ine sunt). \u201eSe f\u0103cea c\u0103 sunt pas\u0103re-n zbor. \/ A c\u00e2ta din num\u0103r\u0103toarea \/ lui Dumnezeu?\u201d (Zbor printre nori). \u201em\u0103 uimesti, prieten \/ cu dorin\u0163a ta de a merge \/ pe urmele sfin\u0163ilor, \/de a te \u00eentoarce spre tine \u00eensu\u0163i.\u201d (M\u0103 uimesti, prietene). \u201eUnde e\u015fti bunicule, uitat printre str\u0103ini \/ aruncat \u00eentr-un col\u0163 de p\u0103m\u00e2nt, \/ \u0163i-o fi pus cineva o cruce, \/ fiind rom\u00e2n, \/ sau te-au batjocorit \/ \u015fi te-au f\u0103cut scrum?\u201d (Unde esti bunicule). \u201e\u2026 Alergam \u00eenfrigurat\u0103 \/ spre un sfe\u015fnic pribeag \/ \u00eentocmai ca Zenon. \/ Ne-am surprins am\u00e2ndoi \/ \u00een noapte \u00eentreb\u00e2nd…\u201d (Pe urmele lui Zenon)
\n\u201eVrea s\u0103 detoneze egoismul din jur\u201d (Adrian Dinu Rachieru), \u201et\u0103cerea nu-i va z\u0103g\u0103zui sufletul\u201d (Eleonora Schipor), \u201eversurile devin universul \u015fi salvarea sa\u201d (Nina Ceranu).
\nNe except\u00e2nd roman\u0163ioase declara\u0163ii erotice, poemele Marianei Gurza (bucovineanc\u0103 n\u0103scut\u0103 \u00een Banat, mam\u0103 de copii, bunic\u0103), au mai mereu dimensiunile rug\u0103ciunii Tat\u0103l Nostru.
\nTraduc\u0103torul a ascultat, concomitent, \u015fi c\u00e2ntece de Frank Sinatra, aleg\u00e2nd abia c\u00e2teva fulgura\u0163ii cvasi-mistice a\u015fternute de-a lungul anilor \u015fi publicate \u00een volumele: Paradox sentimental, Ed. Augusta, 1998; G\u00e2nduri nocturne, Ed. Augusta, 1999; Nevoia de a sfida t\u0103cerea, Ed. Augusta, 2000, Lumini \u015fi umbre, Ed.Augusta, 2001; Lacrima iubirii Ed. Artpress, 2003) . Ultimul strig\u0103t Eubeea, 2006).<\/p>\n

George Anca<\/p>\n

Beautiful Lady unto God and shadow<\/em><\/p>\n

Mariana Gurza touches the grace of poetry by sharing her experiences with parents and children, heroes and saints, Bucovina and Zenon. As at Eminescu the melancholy turns into verse, and at Valmiki soka (grief) becames sloka (verset), here the shadow is litany. Loneliness of nation and no more nation carry resistance through logos, resurrection at resurrection. One by one, the poems search each other liturgical pouring domestic-Zenonian piety.<\/p>\n

\u201eI was beautiful \/ when waiting for you.\u201d (I was beautiful). \u201eI thought you know \/ who I am. \/ I thought I was \/equally \/ shadow and being. \u201d (Tell me who I am). \u201eIt came as if I was a bird in flight. \/ Which one in the God’s \/ counting?\u201d (Flight amidst clouds). \u201e you amaze me, friend \/ with your desire to walk \/ on traces of the saints \/ to return toward self.\u201d (You amaze me, friend). \u201eWhere are you grandpa, forgotten among strangers \/ thrown into a corner of ground, \/ did someone put to you a cross, \/ being Romanian, \/ or they have mocked you \/ and made you ash?\u201d (Where are you grendpa). \u201eI ran trembling \/ toward a vagrant candlestick \/ just like Zeno. \/ We surprised each other \/wondering in the night…\u201d (On Zeno’s footsteps)
\n\u201eShe wants to detonate the selfishness around\u201d (Adrian Dinu Rachieru), \u201esilence will not restrain her soul\u201d (Eleonora Schipor), \u201elyrics become her universe and salvation\u201d (Nina Ceranu). Not excepting romantic erotic statements, the poems of Marianei Gurza (with roots in Bucovina, born in Banat, mother of children), have almost always lengyh of Lord’s Prayer. Translator listened, concomitantly, also songs by Frank Sinatra, choosing only few quasi-mystical recalls written over the years and published in volumes: Paradox sentimental \/ Sentimental Paradox, Ed. Augusta, 1998; G\u00e2nduri nocturne \/ Night thoughts, Ed. Augusta, 1999; Nevoia de a sfida tacerea \/ Need to defy silence, Ed. Augusta, 2000, Lumini \u015fi umbre \/ Lights and shadows, Ed.Augusta, 2001; Lacrima iubirii \/ Tears of love, Ed. Artpress, 2003, Ultimul strig\u0103t \/ Last cry, Eubeea, 2006.<\/p>\n

George Anca<\/p>\n

Observatorul\/Toronto<\/p>\n

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PUSI\u00a0 DINULESCU<\/p>\n

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A ob\u0163ine ceva…<\/em><\/p>\n

Spre deosebire de alte animale, omul e negustor.
\nPentru a lua, animalul doar p\u00e2nde\u015fte, \u0163\u00e2\u015fne\u015fte \u015fi apuc\u0103. Apoi. \u00eenghite! A\u015fa \u015fi leul, vulturul, chiar \u015ftiuca…
\nDar la om e ceva mai complicat. Ca s\u0103 ob\u0163in\u0103 ceva, el pune la b\u0103taie mai pu\u0163in ghearele \u015fi ciocul sau din\u0163ii, ci banul, sexul, rela\u0163ia social\u0103, priceperea profesional\u0103 de domeniu sau manipularea, exploat\u00e2nd sl\u0103biciunea de \u00eenger sau prostia aproapelui. Dar uneori se bazeaz\u0103 pur \u015fi simplu pe norocul chio…r…
\nC\u00e2nd eram eu copil, tata \u00eemi zicea s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u0163. Ei, bine, am \u00eenv\u0103\u0163at!
\nE drept c\u0103 mi-a \u015fi pl\u0103cut \u015fi c\u0103 am avut \u015fi toate condi\u0163iile, de ce s\u0103 nu recunosc?
\nDar a fost asta suficient? Parc\u0103, nu…
\nC\u00e2nd erau comuni\u015ftii la putere, mai era o chestie, care venea mai de departe, de prin secolul anterior, c\u00e2nd Caragiale scria despre hat\u00e2r \u015fi compunea si clasicul Lan\u0163 al sl\u0103biciunilor.
\nDar acum s-au dus dracului toate astea! S-a dus hat\u00e2rul, s-a dus \u015fi lan\u0163ul sl\u0103biciunilor!
\nAzi trebuie s\u0103 dai, dom`le! Ori dai bani (dar pentru asta trebuie s\u0103 ai acces la Filier\u0103, nu merge ca la magazin!), ori s\u0103 dai sex (dac\u0103 sexul e anturat de un trup nostim, t\u00e2n\u0103r \u015fi bine propor\u0163ionat, posed\u00e2nd \u015fi un creiera\u015f care nu face fasoane), ori s\u0103 facilitezi o rela\u0163ie cu cineva foarte tare, d\u0103t\u0103tor de onoruri, func\u0163ii, por\u0163i deschise \u015fi alte \u015fmecherii d`astea\u2026 Ori poate s\u0103 dai \u015fi peste unul mai slab de \u00eenger (dar mai g\u0103se\u015fti a\u015fa ceva \u00eentre \u00eemp\u0103r\u0163itori?) sau peste unul prost de bun (p\u0103 unde-or mai fi \u0103\u015ftia, Doamne?)
\nOri nimic \u015fi nimic \u015fi nimic \u015fi numai s\u0103 ai noroc \u015fi s\u0103 nimere\u015fti \u00eentr-o conjunctur\u0103 \u00een care astrele se-ncalec\u0103 exact acolo unde e\u015fti tu \u015fi f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 faci ceva, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 ai vreo calitate, s\u0103 c\u00e2\u015ftigi, domnule, s\u0103 c\u00e2\u015ftigi! \u015ei f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 mi\u015fti un deget s\u0103 te treze\u015fti cu buzunaruL doldora, ca la loto!
\nDar s\u0103 joci! NumaI s\u0103 joci la tripoul vie\u0163ii, la tripoul social!
\nVisuri, numai visuri, vis de sec\u0103tur\u0103\u2026
\nDar adev\u0103rul e altul, adev\u0103rul e c\u0103 via\u0163a e o afacere, dup\u0103 cum zicea b\u0103tr\u00e2nul Grandet al lui Balzac. Da, da\u2026
\nA\u015fa c\u0103 treaba aia cu \u00eenv\u0103\u0163atul nu e rea, dar s\u0103 crezi c\u0103 asta rezolv\u0103 totul, cam naiv\u0103 poveste\u2026
\n\u015ei totu\u015fi, Balzac \u015fi cu Grandet al lui poate c\u0103 nu avea dreptate. Via\u0163a pare mai degrab\u0103 un jaf \u00een stil mare. E ca o lovitur\u0103, pe care o dai dup\u0103 ce ai studiat bine nu chimia, fizica, franceza sau mai \u015ftiu eu ce, dar ai studiat bine s\u0103 vezi cum e ap\u0103rat\u0103 avu\u0163ia lumii \u015fi de cine, care-s sl\u0103biciunile acelora \u015fi mai ales s\u0103 fii atent c\u00e2nd se schimb\u0103 garda, cum a fost \u00een `89\u2026
\nDa` cine \u015ftie c\u00e2nd o mai veni o chestie ca aia?<\/p>\n

Pu\u015fi Dinulescu<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Dreptate prntru o mare artist<\/em>\u0103<\/em><\/p>\n

Se spune de dramaturgia rom\u00e2n\u0103 contemporan\u0103 c\u0103 e urgisit\u0103.<\/p>\n

Dar poate c\u0103 nu e chiar a\u015fa! Uite, de pild\u0103, doamna Rodica Popescu-Bit\u0103nescu se l\u0103f\u0103ie cu dou\u0103 spectacole pe prima scen\u0103 a \u0163\u0103rii, unde \u00een tripl\u0103 postur\u0103 (de autoare, regizoare \u015fi actri\u0163\u0103!) se exhib\u0103 cu d\u0103rnicie publicului, promovat\u0103 cu delicat\u0103 pre\u0163uire \u015fi chiar tandre\u0163e de aproape toat\u0103 lumea, care conteaz\u0103 \u00een aceast\u0103 lume cam ciudat\u0103 \u015fi uneori chiar tenebroas\u0103\u00a0 a Thaliei. O \u00eendr\u0103gesc \u015fi directorul general al Teatrului Na\u0163ional din Bucure\u015fti, pre\u015fedintele perpetuu al Uniunii Teatrale din Rom\u00e2nia \u015fi doamna primar general al Capitalei, care de cur\u00e2nd i-a \u015fi stipendiat, cu d\u0103rnicie, un festival omagial. Doar domnii Johannis \u015fi Ciolo\u015f par deocamdat\u0103 indiferen\u0163i. Poate c\u0103 \u015fi Peter Brook, Vladimir Putin sau Papa Francisc, dac\u0103 i-ar cunoa\u015fte piesele, cu tot cu plinele de savoare mont\u0103ri, n-ar sta de lemn T\u0103nase! Ca s\u0103 nu mai vorbim de Donald Trump sau de vecinul nostru, abia \u00eensc\u0103unat, Igor Dodon, cunoscu\u0163i ca adev\u0103ra\u0163i \u015fi rafina\u0163i promotori ai culturii\u2026<\/p>\n

A\u015fa c\u0103, ia, mai t\u0103ce\u0163i din gur\u0103, voi, c\u00e2rtitorilor, voi, invidio\u015filor, voi, nulit\u0103\u0163ilor, pentru c\u0103, vezi, valoarea e \u00eentotdeauna recunoscut\u0103, \u00eendr\u0103git\u0103, m\u00e2ng\u00e2iat\u0103 \u015fi mai ales bine pl\u0103tit\u0103!<\/p>\n

\u015ei totul, c\u00e2nd te g\u00e2nde\u015fti, n-a fost f\u0103cut, dec\u00e2t cu r\u00e2sul acela zglobiu al ei, cu care, \u00een lips\u0103 de alte calit\u0103\u0163i distinctive, \u015fi l-a constituit, parc\u0103, \u00een marca ei \u00eenregistrat\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u015ei ce mai r\u00e2de ea de to\u0163i, cu sacii urca\u0163i \u00een c\u0103ru\u0163\u0103 cum e, peste care troneaz\u0103, sfioas\u0103 \u015fi neajutorat\u0103, totu\u015fi, m\u00e2hnit\u0103, \u00eens\u0103, \u00een acela\u015fi timp, de r\u0103utatea lumii, care n-o mai suport\u0103 de rea ce este!<\/p>\n

Pu\u015fi Dinulescu<\/p>\n

DIMITRIE GRAMA (redir)<\/p>\n

Lectia de sah <\/strong><\/p>\n

Predau\u00a0\u0219ah la mai multe\u00a0\u0219\u00a0coli dintr-o metropol\u0103 occidental\u0103. Am mereu cu mine o tabl\u0103 de demonstra\u021b\u00a0ie, pe care ar\u0103t copiilor func\u021bia diferitelor piese\u00a0\u0219i explic regulile de mutare.
\nCopiii, majoritatea \u00eentre 7\u00a0\u0219i 10 ani, b\u0103ie\u021bi\u00a0\u0219i fete, de toate etniile\u00a0\u0219i culorile, majoritatea \u00eenscri\u0219i la\u00a0\u0219ah de gura p\u0103rin\u021bilor.<\/p>\n

-Deci, copii, la\u00a0\u0219ah avem 16 piese albe\u00a0\u0219\u00a0i 16 negre. Albul mut\u0103 primul\u00a0\u0219i…<\/p>\n

Un b\u0103ie\u021b\u00a0el mai \u00eenchis la culoare \u00eentrerupe:
\n-E \u00eentotdeauna a\u0219a? Albul mut\u0103 mereu primul?
\n-Da, r\u0103spund eu\u00a0\u0219i vreau s\u0103 continui.\u00a0\u0218i putem s\u0103 mut\u0103m ori un pion ori…
\n-Nu e corect, \u00eentrerupe un altul. Ar trebui s\u0103 mute am\u00e2ndoi primii. Sau negrul s\u0103 mute primul, c\u0103 au fost mereu persecuta\u021bi \u00een istorie…
\n-A\u0219a e regula, cineva trebuie s\u0103 mute primul, albul e doar o culoare oarecare, nu e nimic superior, haide\u021b\u00a0i s\u0103 trecem mai departe. A\u0219adar, cea mai important\u0103 pies\u0103 de la jocul de\u00a0\u0219ah este regele…
\nClasa murmur\u0103. O feti\u021b\u00a0\u0103 ridic\u0103 m\u00e2n\u0103.
\n-Mama mi-a zis c\u0103 regina e cea mai important\u0103 pies\u0103.
\n-Nu chiar, zic eu cu bl\u00e2nde\u021be, regina e\u00a0\u0219i ea foarte important\u0103, de fapt, ca s\u0103\u00a0\u0219ti\u021bi, regina este cea mai puternic\u0103 pies\u0103 din joc….
\nCopiii par mul\u021bumi\u021bi cu asta, mai ales fetele afi\u0219eaz\u0103 un z\u00e2mbet de satisfac\u021bie.
\n-Regina e foarte puternic\u0103 pentru c\u0103 poate juca la fel ca tura\u00a0\u0219i ca nebunul.
\nFetele protesteaz\u0103.
\n-Cum pute\u021b\u00a0i spune c\u0103 o regin\u0103 mut\u0103 la fel ca un nebun? Dvs jigni\u021bi femeile!
\n-Nu, dragii mei, a\u0219\u00a0a este jocul. Nebunul este aceast\u0103 pies\u0103 (o ar\u0103t) care merge mereu str\u00e2mb, adic\u0103 \u00een diagonal\u0103.
\n-Nebun este un cuv\u00e2nt ur\u00e2t. Nu trebuie s\u0103 r\u00e2dem de cei cu dizabilit\u0103\u021bi mentale.
\n-Bun, dac\u0103 nu v\u0103 place \u201enebun\u201d, s\u0103\u00a0\u0219ti\u021bi c\u0103 \u00een englez\u0103 se cheam\u0103 \u201eepiscop\u201d, ca la biseric\u0103. Putem s\u0103 \u00eei spunem \u201eepiscop\u201d.
\nAlte proteste.
\n-Dumneavoastr\u0103 ne vorbi\u021bi acum de religie, aici este o\u00a0\u0219coal\u0103 laic\u0103.
\n-Ok, Ok, \u00eencerc s\u0103 \u00eei calmez, atunci p\u0103str\u0103m numele de nebun. Sau mai bine, bufon. Nebunul era \u00een trecut bufonul care f\u0103cea regii\u00a0\u0219i reginele s\u0103 r\u00e2d\u0103. A\u0219\u00a0a e bine? O s\u0103 \u00eei spunem bufon.
\nCopii se calmeaz\u0103. Mergem mai departe.
\n-Cum spuneam, chiar dac\u0103 regina e cea mai puternic\u0103 pies\u0103, totu\u0219i regele e cel mai important, pentru c\u0103 dac\u0103 se pierde regele, s-a terminat partida, ai pierdut. Uite, regele este aceast\u0103 pies\u0103, care are o cruce pe coroan\u0103.
\n-Crucea este semn religios. De ce nu are o semilun\u0103? Sau nici un semn?
\nCred c\u0103 ar trebui s\u0103 \u00eei scoatem crucea, ca s\u0103 nu ofens\u0103m pe cei de alt\u0103 religie. A\u0219a am \u00eenv\u0103\u00a0\u021bat la orele de educa\u00a0\u021bie civic\u0103.
\n-Cine se ofenseaz\u0103? M\u0103 uit prin clas\u0103\u00a0\u0219i v\u0103d un b\u0103iat cu figur\u0103 oriental\u0103. Mohamed, a\u0219a te cheam\u0103, da? Te sim\u00a0\u021bi ofensat de aceast\u0103 cruce de pe capul regelui?
\nB\u0103ie\u021b\u00a0elul m\u0103 prive\u0219\u00a0te aiurit.
\n-Ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 ofensat, dom\u2019 profesor?
\n-Ofensat \u00eenseamn\u0103 sup\u0103rat. (M\u0103 minunez de mine \u00eensumi, ce repede \u00eemi g\u0103sesc sinonimele…). Este cum te sim\u021b\u00a0i atunci c\u00e2nd un alt copil \u00ee\u021bi ia pr\u0103jitura sau juc\u0103ria favorit\u0103, poftim!
\n-Eu nu am pr\u0103jitur\u0103\u00a0\u0219i nici juc\u0103rie. Sunt din Siria.
\nTrebuie s\u0103 schimb vorba, discu\u00a0\u021bia asta nu preveste\u00a0\u0219te nimic bun.
\n-A\u0219\u00a0adar, regele…
\n-Exist\u0103 un singur rege? \u00centrerupe un b\u0103ie\u00a0\u021bel blond.
\n-Unul pentru fiecare culoare. Unul negru\u00a0\u0219i unul alb. La fel\u00a0\u0219i cu reginele. Una alb\u0103\u00a0\u0219i una neagr\u0103.
\n-Nu se poate s\u0103 fie doi regi albi sau dou\u0103 regine albe? \u00eentrerupse iar o fat\u0103.
\n-Nu, zic eu categoric.
\nUn murmur de dezam\u0103gire.
\n-P\u0103i nu e corect. Noi\u00a0\u0219tim c\u0103 exist\u0103\u00a0\u0219i familii cu doi ta\u021bi sau dou\u0103 mame. Ar trebui s\u0103 se poat\u0103, nu e corect a\u0219a.
\n\u00cencep s\u0103 \u00eemi pierd r\u0103bdarea.
\n-Uite, la\u00a0\u0219ah este a\u0219a.\u00a0\u0218ahul s-a inventat \u00eentr-o\u00a0\u021b\u00a0ar\u0103 str\u0103in\u0103, acum foarte mult timp,\u00a0\u0219i a\u0219a era pe atunci. S\u0103 trecem mai departe…
\n-P\u0103i poate atunci erau mai \u00eenapoia\u021bi,\u00a0\u0219i femeia nu avea drepturi,\u00a0\u0219i nici cuplurile de acela\u0219i sex, dar acum nu mai este a\u00a0\u0219a. Nu trebuie s\u0103 mai existe discriminare.
\nOftez. E cazul s\u0103 trec s\u0103 explic alte piese, care nu posed\u0103 sex,\u00a0\u0219i nici religie. Regele cu cruce\u00a0\u0219\u00a0i regina m-au b\u0103gat \u00een bucluc.
\n-A\u0219\u00a0a, deci, continu\u0103m. O alt\u0103 piese special\u0103 este calul. Calul are avantajul unic c\u0103 poate s\u0103ri peste alte piese. Un nebun \u2013 pardon bufon \u2013 nu poate avansa aici, la h3 (ar\u0103t pe tabl\u0103), dac\u0103 un pion \u00eei blocheaz\u0103 calea. \u00cen schimb, calul poate s\u0103 sar\u0103 direct de la g1 la f3. (ar\u0103t mi\u0219carea).
\n-Deci numai calul poate face asta, s\u0103 sar\u0103 peste alte piese? copii sunt iar\u0103\u0219i \u00een blocaj. Dar nu e corect. Are un avantaj special. Nu este egalitate fa\u021ba de celelalte piese.
\n-Da, a\u0219\u00a0a este, zic eu \u00eencurcat, dar e normal s\u0103 \u00eei acord\u0103m unele drepturi, pentru c\u0103 este singurul animal din joc. Regele, regina, bufonii, pionii-sunt to\u021bi oameni, turnul este un obiect, calul este singurul animal. Trebuie s\u0103 compenseze \u00eentr-un fel.
\n-A\u0219\u00a0a da, se lumineaz\u0103 copii.
\n-Dar, dom profesor-sare un alt b\u0103iat-nu e corect s\u0103 exploat\u0103m animalele, mai ales la r\u0103zboi. Ele nu au nici o vin\u0103 pentru conflictele \u00eentre oameni.
\nUff, ce lung\u0103 a devenit ora asta! Poate reu\u00a0\u0219esc s\u0103 scap cu o schimbare de nume, cum am f\u0103cut cu nebunul.
\n-Dac\u0103 nu v\u0103 place s\u0103 \u00eei spune\u00a0\u021bi cal, atunci \u00eei spunem \u201ccavaler\u201d.
\nCopiii simt c\u0103 e doar un truc.
\n-Dar cavaler e cineva c\u0103lare pe un cal. Tot chinuim animalele.
\nSimt c\u0103 explodez.
\n-Cal, cavaler, m\u0103gar, ce conteaz\u0103? Trebuie s\u0103 \u00eei spunem \u00eentr-un fel! Avion e bine, c\u0103 tot zboar\u0103 peste ceilal\u021b\u00a0i?
\n-Da, da! E bine a\u0219\u00a0a. Avion e bine.
\n\u0218i iat\u0103 cum calul a ajuns avion. Trecem mai departe.
\nLa explicarea capturii, a fost relativ simplu:
\n-Deci aici, \u00een pozi\u021b\u00a0ia asta, calul alb, adic\u0103 avionul, a capturat, adic\u0103 a luat prizonier un nebun, adic\u0103 un bufon negru.
\n-Cum adic\u0103 prizonier? Ce se \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103 cu bufonul?
\n-Nimic, nu mai joac\u0103 mai departe. A plecat. A p\u0103r\u0103sit c\u00e2mpul de b\u0103t\u0103lie.
\n-Aha, se lumineaz\u0103 copiii \u2013 adic\u0103 e un fel de refugiat.
\n-Refugiat! Perfect! Asta e cuv\u00e2ntul potrivit. Merci (nu mai am putere s\u0103 lupt cu ei).
\nAjungem \u00een fine s\u0103 povestim despre pioni.
\n-\u0102\u0219tia mici, de aici din fa\u021b\u00a0\u0103, sunt pionii. Ei sunt un fel de solda\u021b\u00a0i, care avanseaz\u0103 \u00een teritoriul inamic. Dac\u0103 ajung cumva pe ultima linie, se pot schimba \u00een regin\u0103. \u00centr-o partid\u0103 de\u00a0\u0219ah, am putem avea \u2013 dac\u0103 to\u021bi pionii se schimb\u0103 \u00een regin\u0103, 9 regine alba pe tabl\u0103.
\nFetele se \u00eenfurie, fac g\u0103l\u0103gie, iar b\u0103ie\u021bii \u00ee\u0219i ascund un z\u00e2mbet de satisfac\u021bie.
\n-Un singur rege\u00a0\u0219\u00a0i 9 regine??? Femeia nu este egala b\u0103rbatului \u00een acest joc, nu e frumos. Nu ne place\u00a0\u0219ahul. Nu mai venim la orele dvs.
\nSoneria m\u0103 salveaz\u0103. Copiii \u00ee\u0219i str\u00e2ng caietele, b\u0103ie\u021bii m\u0103 salut\u0103 cu respect, fetele ies \u00eembufnate din clas\u0103.
\n\u00centreb un b\u0103iat:
\n-Ce or\u0103 a\u021b\u00a0i avut \u00eenainte de ora de\u00a0\u0219\u00a0ah?
\n-Am avut literatur\u0103\u00a0\u0219\u00a0i am discutat despre desenele animate ale lui Walt Disney. Doamna profesoar\u0103 ne-a explicat cum Disney a fost rasist, islamofob\u00a0\u0219i misogin. Alb\u0103 ca Z\u0103pada era alb\u0103, de ce \u00een Aladin ho\u021bului i se t\u0103ia m\u00e2na, \u00een Lion King nu s-a prezentat nici un om african….
\nAcum \u00een\u021beleg.\u00a0\u0218coala modern\u0103 care rescrie istoria. Nu conteaz\u0103 ca \u00een \u201eLion King\u201d nu era deloc vorba despre oameni….\u00cemi str\u00e2ng catrafusele\u00a0\u0219i p\u0103r\u0103sesc\u00a0\u0219coala. M\u0103 bucur c\u0103 lec\u021bia s-a terminat la timp. Tocmai urma s\u0103 explic o pozi\u021bie de mat \u00een care albul ar fi sacrificat regina. Nu\u00a0\u0219tiu dac\u0103 a\u00a0\u0219\u00a0fi sc\u0103pat \u00eentreg….\u201d
\n– autor anonym<\/p>\n

MIHAELA GEORGESCU-DELAFRAS<\/p>\n

Numai comunistii copilariei mele, de care familia mea a fugit mancand pamantul, nu permiteau pareri opuse doctrinei lor,\u00a0te amenintau si\u00a0\u00a0te batjocoreau daca vedeai lucrurile altfel decat ei. De la o vreme am inceput sa-i elimin din viata mea pe conationali cu tendinte dictatoriale si fara respect fata de cel care e altfel.\u00a0Cine isi bate joc de omul care are o intelegere diferita a istoriei sau a evenimentelor nu mai are ce cauta langa mine.<\/p>\n

Mai jos e analiza\u00a0unei romance din America pe care am primit-o de la Mona. Am doua prietene romance\u00a0aici, in America,\u00a0care factorizeaza in gandirea lor si elemente pe care media corporatista americana si europeana\u00a0le-a evitat si pe care femeia asta le discuta. Mi-ar place sa o intalnesc si pe ea.\u00a0Eu, am spus de la inceput ca posibilitatea pacii in Europa dar mai ales in Romania formeaza elementul primordial\u00a0in formarea unei opinii\u00a0in jurul persoanei care face decizia asta. Si, am fost atacata murdar de o romanca pentru simplul motiv ca am exprimat dorinta ca cel ce va ocupa Casa Alba sa mentina pace in Europa dar mai ales in tara mea si ca m-am aratat\u00a0neinduplecata impotriva ucigasilor de copii in Iugoslavia,\u00a0Irak, Libia, Siria, Afganistan, etc.<\/p>\n

Silvia Jinga<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Sper<\/span>\u0103m la \u00eentoarcerea normalit\u0103\u021bii<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Mi s-a luat o greutate de pe inim\u0103. Aceasta este starea pe care am tr\u0103it-o ieri (8 noiembrie a.c.) diminea\u021ba c\u00e2nd am ie\u0219it din cabina de vot. Numai cei care au urm\u0103rit succesiunea \u00eent\u00e2mpl\u0103rilor reflectate \u00een presa american\u0103 de la debutul campaniei electorale vor \u00een\u021belege c\u0103 datorit\u0103 corup\u021biei practicate de familia Clinton \u0219i acoli\u021bii lor am \u00eenceput s\u0103 ne temem. Am tr\u0103it clipe care mi-au adus \u00een minte secven\u021be funeste din perioada dictaturii de la noi. Cu adev\u0103rat democra\u021bia american\u0103 era \u00een primejdie. CNN, Washington Post, New York Times deveniser\u0103 tribunele oficiale ale \u201ddinastiei\u201d Clinton, d\u00e2nd senza\u021bia c\u0103 \u021bara fusese luat\u0103 \u00een antrepriz\u0103. Holywood-ul, Wallstreet-ul, media, \u00een mare parte, se angajaser\u0103 \u00eentr-o saraband\u0103 a minciunii \u0219i calomnierii. Niciodat\u0103 n-am v\u0103zut mai mult\u0103 arogan\u021b\u0103 \u0219i siguran\u021b\u0103 de sine drapat\u0103 \u00eentr-o demagogie \u0219lefuit\u0103, care la fel ca \u00een timpul comunismului plutea pe deasupra realit\u0103\u021bii \u0219i a adev\u0103rului. Cu foarte pu\u021bine excep\u021bii, presa american\u0103 s-a v\u00e2ndut sumelor uria\u0219e pompate de ma\u0219ina electoral\u0103 a familiei Clinton. P\u0103reau imbatabili, triumf\u0103tori, asum\u00e2ndu-\u0219i victoria cu mult \u00eenainte ca ea s\u0103 fi fost ob\u021binut\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hillary Clinton a manifestat un soi de \u201dm\u00e2nie proletar\u0103\u201d \u00eempotriva tuturor vocilor libere, nemasc\u00e2ndu-\u0219i ura, ea ca \u0219i pre\u0219edintele Obama \u00eempotriva lui Julian Asange, Edward Snowden \u0219i a tuturor celor care au pl\u0103tit cu libertatea lor pentru curajul de a demasca putreziciunea elitei politice. Obama a ajuns pre\u0219edinte datorit\u0103 sprijinului total al tineretului ca s\u0103 devin\u0103\u00a0 cel mai de temut adversar al vocilor tinere doritoare de adev\u0103r.\u00a0 Tinerii care au donat sume modeste cum ar fi 27 de dolari pentru Bernie Sanders, al doilea candidat al Partidului Democrat sunt cei care s-au sim\u021bit tr\u0103da\u021bi de Obama. S\u0103 se \u0219tie asta. Oreste Teodorescu spunea azi (9 nov.) la Realitatea TV<\/em> c\u0103 familia Clinton a devenit \u00een exerci\u021biul func\u021biunii putred de corupt\u0103 \u0219i nu este de loc o exagerare. Poporul american este foarte r\u0103bd\u0103tor \u0219i iert\u0103tor, dar nu \u0219i stupid. Milioanele pe care dinastia Clinton le-a acumulat din v\u00e2nzarea de favoruri c\u0103tre puteri str\u0103ine sau c\u0103tre cet\u0103\u021beni particulari, printre care, la un moment dat s-a num\u0103rat un chinez \u00eembog\u0103\u021bit, ghici\u021bi din ce, din exploatarea unor prostituate aduse din China la New York stau m\u0103rturie a acestei corup\u021bii de propor\u021bii. Dinasticii nu s-au dat \u00een l\u0103turi de la nimic.\u00a0 Familia Clinton a pozat \u00een mama tuturor r\u0103ni\u021bilor minoritari, dar s\u0103 ne amintim cum au subtilizat milioane de dolari din bilioanele trimise ca ajutor sinistra\u021bilor din Haiti, dup\u0103 tragicul cutremur soldat cu mii de mor\u021bi. Printre al\u021bi beneficiari ai acestui furt de amploare s-a aflat \u0219i fratele lui Hillary. Domnilor, familia Clinton \u00ee\u0219i f\u0103cuse din America instrumentul perfect de \u00eembog\u0103\u021bire, so\u021bii Clinton fiind la \u00eenceputurile carierei lor politice foarte mode\u0219ti la portofel. Dar nu-i nimic. \u0218i-au folosit darurile pentru a \u00een\u0219ela f\u0103r\u0103 scrupule mul\u021bimile, drap\u00e2ndu-\u0219i mizeria \u0219i crasa imoralitate \u00eentr-o oratorie care de data aceasta nu i-a mai ajutat. Ulciorul nu merge dec\u00e2t de dou\u0103 ori la ap\u0103. A treia oar\u0103 se sparge \u0219i iat\u0103 c\u0103 s-a spart \u00eempro\u0219c\u00e2nd-o pe Hillary necru\u021b\u0103tor. Ea vindea favorurile precum papii \u00een Evul Mediu indulgen\u021bele.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e2nd Bernie Sanders a spus-o r\u0103spicat c\u0103 sistemul este rigged (corupt, p\u0103rtinitor) a f\u0103cut o m\u0103rturisire din interiorul afacerii electorale a democra\u021bilor, unde Hillary a tras toate sforile posibile, practic\u00e2nd minciuna, dezinformarea aleg\u0103torilor, cum s-a petrecut \u00een California \u00een perioada b\u0103t\u0103liei pentru nominalizare (primary).\u00a0 Noi to\u021b,i care am fost spectatori la imensul teatru al \u00een\u0219el\u0103toriei, suntem convin\u0219i c\u0103 Hillary Clinton \u0219i co. au sabotat victoria care i se cuvenea lui Bernie Sanders.\u00a0 O parte dintre tinerii care l-au sus\u021binut pe socialist au preferat s\u0103 voteze pentru Donald Trump, at\u00e2t de dezgusta\u021bi au fost de machiavelismul dinastiei Clinton.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S-a f\u0103cut mare caz de conversa\u021bia de locker room<\/em> (vestiar) a lui Donald Trump privind rela\u021bia cu femeile, dar s-a trecut u\u0219urel cu vederea imoralitatea lui Bill Clinton v\u0103dit\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 din perioada lui ca guvernator la Arkansas, ca s\u0103 nu mai vorbim de afacerile familiei Clinton legate de aeroportul Mena din acela\u0219i stat. D-na Clinton le-a pedepsit \u00een fel \u0219i chip pe amorezele so\u021bului ei \u0219i ea trece totu\u0219i ca mare ap\u0103r\u0103toare a condi\u021biei feminine.\u00a0 Guvernarea familiei Clinton a adus Washington-ul \u00een acea stare a Romei circumscris\u0103 de regele Jugurta al Namibiei, dac\u0103 nu m\u0103 \u00een\u0219el, c\u00e2nd a afirmat urbe venale et mature perituram si emptorem invenerit<\/em> (oras de v\u00e2nzare care vei pieri \u00eendat\u0103 ce-\u021bi vei g\u0103si un cump\u0103r\u0103tor).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Familia Clinton a ajuns s\u0103 se confunde cu ceea ce americanii au numit establishment-ul, care include nu doar Casa Alb\u0103, ci toate institu\u021biile pl\u0103tite s\u0103 lucreze pentru interesele politicienilor, \u00een frunte cu corpora\u021biile, \u00eentr-o ciocoiasc\u0103 ignorare a majorit\u0103\u021bii a c\u0103ror taxe erau abuzate \u00een fel \u0219i chip \u0219i de care \u00ee\u0219i aminteau \u00een perioada alegerilor, c\u00e2nd se aruncau \u00een desfr\u00e2u sume uria\u0219e. \u00cen ultimii treizeci de ani stagnarea nivelului de trai, exportul joburilor manufacturiere, degradarea marilor ora\u0219e, a infrastructurii, pauperizarea, suferin\u021ba cauzat\u0103 de criza economic\u0103 din 2008, stimulus-urile oferite b\u0103ncilor de Obama au cauzat tensiuni mari \u00een societatea american\u0103. Au votat cu Donald Trump statele din Midwest, eminamente democrate, din cauz\u0103 c\u0103 cet\u0103\u021benii s-au sim\u021bit \u00een\u0219ela\u021bi amarnic de ambele partide, care s-au succedat la conducerea Americii. S\u0103 fie clar, Donald Trump nu este un republican tipic, nu este nici un democrat sadea. Victoria lui define\u0219te un moment de total\u0103 repudiere a sistemului bipartinic, ceea ce ne face a crede c\u0103 evolu\u021bia structurii politicii americane nu se va opri aici. Emailurile lui Hillary Clinton au relevat societ\u0103\u021bii americane duplicitatea ei condamnabil\u0103, afi\u0219\u00e2nd un discurs pentru uzul maselor \u0219i altul pentru uzul privat. Dac\u0103 ad\u0103ug\u0103m strategia de pay for play<\/em> (\u00eencasat milioane pentru favoruri oferite generos de doamna secretary of state), minciunile \u00een serie sus\u021binute cu un tupeu de neclintit, avem imaginea unui politician total compromis.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NAFTA, tratatul impus \u00een primul termen al lui Bill Clinton a fost sinonim cu exportul a sute de mii de joburi. Aceste tratate comerciale nu servesc muncitorimii americane, ci investitorilor, adic\u0103 celor care urmau s\u0103 dea \u00eenapoi bani grei clasei politice. Donald Trump a fost destul de abil s\u0103 declare c\u0103 va pune America first again<\/em> (pe primul loc din nou) \u0219i a fost \u0219i mai explicit c\u0103 \u00eei va pune \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 pe cei uita\u021bi (those forgatten<\/em>). Aceasta a dat speran\u021b\u0103 oropsi\u021bilor, care s-au sim\u021bit abandona\u021bi de c\u00e2teva decenii. Discursurile \u0219lefuite ale lui Hillary nu i-au mai impresionat pe fermierii din America rural\u0103, nici pe lucr\u0103torii din Michigan.\u00a0 Octavian Goga are un pamflet \u00een care compar\u0103 nesim\u021birea clasei politice rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti cu a unor m\u0103gari care p\u0103\u0219teau nestingheri\u021bi pe Vezuviu, f\u0103r\u0103 s\u0103 ia seama la clocotul lavei. Cam acela\u0219i lucru s-a petrecut \u00een campania electoral\u0103 din 2016.\u00a0 Siguri pe imensa finan\u021bare care a curs de peste tot \u00een campania lui Hillary, pe ma\u0219ina lor electoral\u0103 extraordinar de bine pus\u0103 la punct nu au avut timp \u00een trufia lor s\u0103 aud\u0103 clocotul lavei. De aceea discursul celei \u00eenvinse a \u00eent\u00e2rziat at\u00e2t de mult, de unde se temeau c\u0103 Donald Trump, \u00een cazul \u00een care va fi \u00eenvins, nu va oferi un concesion speech.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Donald Trump n-a fost candidatul ideal, dar a oferit ceea ce lumea a\u0219tepta demult:\u00a0 abolirea acelui political correctness (corectitudinea politic\u0103) care se opunea respectului fa\u021b\u0103 de tradi\u021bie \u00een societatea american\u0103. La companii c\u00e2nd am debarcat \u00een America \u00een 1990 \u00eenc\u0103 se mai \u021bineau Christmas parties (petreceri de Cr\u0103ciun). La pu\u021bin timp au \u00eencetat s\u0103 se numeasc\u0103 astfel din teama de a nu insulta alte credin\u021be. Totu\u0219i majoritatea americanilor sunt cre\u0219tini. O parte a lor au \u00eenceput a se sim\u021bi str\u0103ini \u00een propria lor \u021bar\u0103. \u0218i astfel a ap\u0103rut sintagma appreciation party (petrecere de apreciere).\u00a0 \u201dPolitrucii\u201d au presat s\u0103 fie \u00eendep\u0103rtat\u0103 o piatr\u0103 din North Carolina, pe care erau \u00eencastrate cele zece porunci, (monumentul fiind plantat de cel pu\u021bin un secol acolo), pentru c\u0103 asta nu era politic corect. Asemenea reac\u021bii sem\u0103nau uimitor cu cele ale talibanilor din Afganistan, care au distrus statuile p\u0103g\u00e2ne. Doctrina neoliberal\u0103 a democra\u021bilor cu \u00eempingerea mereu \u00een fa\u021b\u0103 a grupului LGBT, a transgenderilor,\u00a0 cu profesarea ideii de stat f\u0103r\u0103 grani\u021be, a celei de abolire a suveranit\u0103\u021bilor na\u021bionale a \u0219ocat multe segmente ale popula\u021biei americane. Votul dat lui Donald Trump a fost categoric \u0219i unul \u00eempotriva neoliberalismului \u0219i a propagandei\u00a0 globaliz\u0103rii.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Donald Trump a fost mereu caricaturizat de media. El nu s-a pronun\u021bat \u00eempotriva imigra\u021biei \u00een bloc. El s-a pronun\u021bat \u00eempotriva imigra\u021biei ilegale<\/em><\/strong> care curge la grani\u021ba Mexic – SUA. To\u021bi pre\u0219edin\u021bii preceden\u021bi s-au f\u0103cut c\u0103 nu observ\u0103 fenomenul. Dar americanii din statele limitrofe, Arizona, California, Texas tr\u0103iesc cu fric\u0103 zilnic pentru c\u0103 prin gr\u0103dinile lor trec noaptea \u00eenarma\u021bi imigran\u021bi f\u0103r\u0103 acte, dileri de droguri etc. \u00cen leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu musulmanii, Trump a subliniat \u00een repetate r\u00e2nduri c\u0103 s-a referit la o interdic\u021bie temporar\u0103<\/em><\/strong> a imigr\u0103rii lor pentru a se cerceta starea terorismului musulman \u00een interiorul Americii \u0219i s-a pronun\u021bat astfel \u00een contextul atacului terorist de la San Bernardino din California. S-a preluat de c\u0103tre media doar ideea de interdic\u021bie, omi\u021b\u00e2ndu-se caracterul ei temporar. A spune adev\u0103rul pe jum\u0103tate \u00eensemneaz\u0103 a-l falsifica integral.<\/em><\/strong> Donald Trump a dovedit c\u0103 \u0219tie s\u0103 lupte \u00een condi\u021biile \u00een care nu doar presa neoliberal\u0103 \u00eel ataca f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eencetare, dar o majoritate a partidului republican se disocia sarcastic de el, ridiculiz\u00e2ndu-l nu o dat\u0103 \u0219i asta s-a petrecut p\u00e2n\u0103 nu demult. Acum pot fi v\u0103zu\u021bi oportuni\u0219tii curt\u00e2ndu-l pe cel legitimat de mul\u021bime. Vor to\u021bi func\u021bii grase \u00een noul guvern, vor s\u0103 refac\u0103 partidul republican descompus de tr\u0103dare. O tempora!<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nu \u00een ultim\u0103 instan\u021b\u0103 a fost important\u0103 pentru votan\u021bii lui Donald Trump inten\u021bia lui expres\u0103 de a face<\/em><\/strong> pace cu lumea din afara Americii<\/em><\/strong>. Poporul american s-a s\u0103turat s\u0103 vad\u0103 banii colecta\u021bi din buzunarele lui, pr\u0103p\u0103di\u021bi \u00een aventuri r\u0103zboinice costisitoare, care aduc tragedii \u00een familiile de aici \u0219i \u00een familiile din \u021b\u0103ri situate la mii de mile dep\u0103rtare. Cred c\u0103 a re\u021binut fiecare c\u0103 \u00een victory speech (discursul victoriei), Trump a formulat clar direc\u021biile politicii sale externe:\u00a0 \u201d<\/em>We will get along with all other nations willing to get along with us. We will deal fairly to everyone – all people and all other nations. We will seek common ground, not hostility, partnership, not conflict\u201d<\/strong> <\/em>(Ne vom \u00een\u021belege cu toate na\u021biunile dornice s\u0103 se \u00een\u021beleag\u0103 cu noi. Vom trata cinstit cu oricine – cu to\u021bi oamenii \u0219i toate na\u021biunile.\u00a0 Vom c\u0103uta temeiul comun, nu ostilitatea, parteneriatul, nu conflictul). Asemenea g\u00e2nduri de bun sim\u021b n-au fost demult rostite de un pre\u0219edinte nou ales. De la G.W. Bush \u00eencoace au z\u0103ng\u0103nit f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eencetare armele. Imediat dup\u0103 9\/11 s-a \u00eentocmit la Pentagon lista celor \u0219apte \u021b\u0103ri care urmau s\u0103 fie invadate, dintre care p\u00e2n\u0103 acum doar Iranul a sc\u0103pat de \u201dhumanitarian intervention\u201d (interven\u021bia umanitar\u0103). Hillary Clinton a votat ca senatoare pentru invadarea Irakului \u0219i a continuat pe tot parcursul mandatului de secretar\u0103 de stat s\u0103 militeze stra\u0219nic pentru distrugerea at\u00e2tor popoare din Midle East. Este celebru videoclipul \u00een care, parafraz\u00e2ndu-l pe Cezar, a rostit r\u00e2z\u00e2nd we came, we saw, he’s\u00a0 dead<\/em> (am venit, am v\u0103zut, el e mort), referitor la uciderea lui Gadafi. Acel videoclip a \u00eengrozit pe mul\u021bi \u0219i eu m\u0103 num\u0103r printre ei. Oamenii vorbeau din ce \u00een ce mai mult de Armagedon. Mo\u0219tenirea pe care Hillary Clinton o las\u0103 \u00eempreun\u0103 cu Obama \u00een domeniul politicii externe este sinistr\u0103. Va fi nevoie de timp ca lumea s\u0103 \u00ee\u0219i redob\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 \u00eencrederea \u00een Statele Unite ale Americii. Ca s\u0103 ai prieteni nu po\u021bi trata mereu de pe pozi\u021bia de dictat, mai ales c\u00e2nd lumea se diversific\u0103, devenind multipolar\u0103. Popoarele ultragiate vor crede o vreme ca troienii:\u00a0 timeo Danaos et dona ferentes<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u0103 n\u0103d\u0103jduim c\u0103 ra\u021biunea \u0219i bunul sim\u021b vor prevala \u0219i ne vom bucura de pace. Eu m\u0103 \u00eentorc la marele nostru Mihai Eminescu spre a aminti de imaginea prismei de cristal cu fa\u021bete str\u0103lucitoare cu care este comparat\u0103 umanitatea \u00een romanul s\u0103u Geniul pustiu<\/em>. S\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem tot mai des la marii poe\u021bi ca s\u0103 ne \u00eentoarcem la noi \u00een\u0219ine, lucru f\u0103r\u0103 de care nici o revolu\u021bie tehnic\u0103 nu face dou\u0103 parale. C\u0103ci vorba lui Christos la ce s\u0103 ne fie bune comorile, dac\u0103 ne-am pierdut sufletele. Eu zic c\u0103 acesta este mesajul profund al alegerilor americane din 2016.<\/p>\n

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DISCURSUL DEPUTATULUI CORNELIU ZELEA CODREANU<\/p>\n

Istoria se repeta si se dovedeste ca nu invatam nimic de la experientele trecutului.<\/p>\n

Veti observa ca una din principalele cauze a saraciei, conflictelor interne au fost cauzate de iudeokhazarii care au invadat Romania si vecinii sai incepand cu secolul 18 punanad mana sau infiintand banci. Bunatatea traditionala si ospitalitatea poporului nostru au constituit avantaje pentru dusmani si cotropitori. Asistam si azi la aceleasi fenomene ca acum o suta de ani. Slugile, tradatorii si cozile de topor nu au lipsit nici atunci din Parlament si Guvern.<\/p>\n

Materialul nu se doreste o propaganda legionara ci suprapunerea a doua momente din istoria Romaniei de acum 100 de ani si de azi. Dumneavoastra veti trage concluziile care se cuvin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Interesant — Si asta a facut parte din istorie!<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u201dD-l deputat Corneliu Zelea Codreanu are cuv\u00e2ntul:<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n


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D-le presedinte, d-lor deputati, eu sunt cel mai tanar dintre d-voastra, si reprezint o miscare tinereasca. M-am ridicat aici prin propriile mele puteri, fara ajutorul si sprijinul nimanui. Cred ca actualii conducatori ai Romaniei Mari se vor obosi sa ma asculte si pe mine, ca unul care sunt exponent al generatiei tinere, generatie sbuciumata, generatie despre care s-au vorbit atatea, generatie martirizata, as putea spune: rastignita. Cred ca este bine ca Onorata Camera sa aiba putina bunavointa a ne asculta si pe noi, deoarece socotesc ca este bine ca astazi conducatorii sa stie care este sbuciumul, care sunt parerile, care este orientarea politica a generatiei care, cu voia sau fara voia d-voastra, trebuie sa va urmeze maine pe aceste banci.
\nIn orice caz tin sa afirm de la inceput, ca noi nu suntem o generate asa cum ne cunoasteti d-voastra dintr-o anumita presa. Noi nu urmarim decat sa ne aparam Patria sacra. Patria amenintata de viscolul furtunei, Patria parintilor nostri si cuibul cald ai acelora care vin dupa noi. Si ca sa fixez punctele cardinale, in scurt, voi spune: nu este nici o generatie imorala, nu este nici una fara Dumnezeu, nici una republicana sau antiregala. Fixez aceste puncte in:\u00a0Dumnezeu, Patrie, Rege, Familie, Proprietate si Armata<\/em><\/strong>, care sa garanteze existenta Statului Roman.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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D. V. G. Ispir<\/strong>: Pentru aceasta puteti fi alaturi de noi.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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D. Corneliu Zelea Codreanu<\/strong>: D-lor deputati generatia aceasta a noastra trece ca o generatie antisemita. As dori sa stiti ca nu am venit sa strig: jos jidanii, dupa cum cred ca n-a facut nimeni. Am observat insa un singur lucru, ca de cate ori s-a pus aici problema nationalismului romanesc, d-voastra ati privit-o si ati primit-o cu ilaritate si ati transformat-o, dintr-o problema care este de un tragic fara pereche, intr-o chestiune comica.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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D. V. G. Ispir<\/strong>: Cel putin pentru aceasta parte a Camerei, acest lucru nu este exact.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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D. Corneliu ZeIea Codreanu<\/strong>: Eu, d-lor, am sa pun aceasta problema in cateva linii, pentru ca sunt seful unei mici grupari si trebuie sa-mi desvolt punctele mele de vedere.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Am fost in Maramures, in Maramuresul care este leaganul descalecatorilor nostri, al Moldovenilor \u2013 Maramuresenii sunt strabunii lui Stefan cel Mare si Sfant, domnul Moldovei. Si acolo, cu ocazia unui proces pe care l-am avut la Satu-Mare si la care a asistat si dl. prof. Catuneanu, a venit un om batran cu plete albe si a facut marturie, in fata instantelor judecatoresti, de cele ce va spun acum: \u201eNoi Maramuresenii, suntem de vi\u021b\u0103 boiereasca, si la 1848, cand eram copil au venit cei dintai jidani la noi in comuna<\/em>\u201e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Si aici fac o mica paranteza. Eu nu intrebuintez cuvantul de jidan, pentru ca sa insult pe cineva. Eu le spun jidani, pentru ca asa cred eu ca se numesc ei si de altfel \u2013 mi se pare curios \u2013 este singura natie care fuge de numele ei propriu, de numele pe care il are.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n


<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

Pentru mine aceasta populatie, pe pamantul tarii mele \u2013 si rog sa ma creada toata lumea \u2013 atunci cand eu am constiinta ferma ca o ataca si ca isi cauta loc pe propriul nostru teritoriu, pentru mine, va rog sa ma credeti s-a deschis o lupta pe viata si pe moarte, si nu-mi arde sa fac glume sau sa insult pe cineva. Pentru mine este clar si precis: inteligenta sau neinteligenta, parazitara sau neparazitara, morala sau imorala, aceasta populatie dusmana e aici pe pamantul tarii. Si eu inteleg sa lupt impotriva ei cu toate mijioacele pe care mi le va pune la dispozitie mintea, legea si dreptul meu romanesc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Ei bine d-lor, la 1848, au venit cei dintai cinci jidani, pe care parintii nostri, vazandu-i rupti si flamanzi, de mila i-au lasat sa stea la marginea mosiilor noastre. Astazi, la 1930, noi am pierdut 60 din cei 62 munti. Noi Romanii mai avem nurnai 2 munti, iar restui de 60 de munti sunt in stapanirea jidanilor. Astazi noi ne-am retras si stam sarmani si fara paine la marginea mosiilor lor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Ei bine, aceasta situatie din Maramures se intinde si in Bucovina: aceasta situalie se intinde si in Moldova noastra unde bisericile se inchid, unde altarele se darama. Si eu va Intreb pe dvs., pe toti: Ce se alege de o natie careia i se darama altarele?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Comertul nostru a ingenunchiat. La noi, In Barladul stravechi, in Barladul care exporta marfuri in Polonia sub Stefan cei Mare, si exporta din Cetatea Alba pana la Constantinopole si Alexandria, la noi a mai ramas un singur comerciant roman de manufactura.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Ei bine, d-lor, nu se poate neglija aceasta problema si nu se poate spune de nimeni ca ea nu este problema dominanta a politicii Romaniei moderne. Cu noi se savarseste exact acelasi lucru care s-a savarsit cu Pieile Rosii din America de Nord: Ne gasim in fata unei invazii straine si avem tot dreptui, si avem si datoria sa ne aparam Patria. Pe mine nu ma intereseaza cine vine, si este \u2013 mi se pare lucru curios, ca atunci cand veneau dusmanii cu arma sa ne fure pamantul nostru. noi incremeneam cu totii in transee, cu arma in mana, iar astazi cand arma s-a schimbat in bani si cand acestia sunt in stare cu banii lor sa vina sa ne cumpere tara, atunci nu mai este nimeni la noi care sa protesteze?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Iata d-lor cum se pune aceasta problema.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-voastra stiti foarte bine ca Pieile Rosii din America de Nord au disparut incetul cu incetul In fata navalirii anglo-saxone. Astazi toata Europa ii deplange si ii regreta pentru ca au fost oameni de treaba, dar se zice: \u201eCe sa facem, au fost altii mai tari<\/em>\u201e.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor ma gandesc cu groaza ca, la un moment dat, Europa va avea sa ne planga si pe noi si pe urmasii nostri.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Iar in ce priveste tinerimea noastra sbuciumata, care dupa cum v-am spus a fost rastignita pentru aceasta idee, caci eu vin aici dupa 2 ani de inchisoare nedreapta, ei bine, va spun d-lor, ce doriti d-voastra sa faca acesti tineri care au fost loviti de toti conducatorii de pana acum? Doriti sa ne luam Intr-o buna zi traista-n bat si sa plecam in alta tara, pe alte meleaguri, ca sa ne castigam painea si sa gasim un refugiu de viata nationala libera? Noi nu va cerem prea mult. Nu va cerem decat un singur lucru: sa ne lasati aici, pe acest pamant, sub binecuvantarea ciolanelor parintilor nostri.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor, imi pare rau ca in acest raspuns la Mesaj nu se vede absolut nimic pentru noi, nici m\u0103car o licarire de speranta si nici o preocupare din partea conducatorilor acestei tari asupra problemei expuse mai sus.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor, voi trece de la aceasta problema si voi reveni la o problema de mare importanta: problema mizeriei. Am adus in aceasta cutie cateva bucatele de paine care sunt din Maramures si din muntii judetului Neamt pentru ca sa vedeti ce paine mananca romanul maramursean si munteanul nostru. Astazi, cand lumea se plange de supraproductie de grau, toti atribue criza faptului ca graul se vinde cu un leu kilogramul. Iata ce paine mananca oamenii acestia!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

(D. deputat Corneliu Zelea Codreanu prezinta Adunarii o bucata de paine neagra).<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n


<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

Trebuie sa ni se stranga inima de durere si cred ca orice popor din Europa vazand aceasta imagine a mizeriei in care traieste neamul romanesc, ar plange de mila noastra.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor, in fata acestei mizerii, care cuprinde intreaga tara, am sa intreb: care este sistemul de aparare al guvernului contra acestui mars al mizeriei mereu crescande?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

(\u2026)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor deputati, al treilea punct, in privinta caruia voi spune cateva cuvinte, este chestiunea partidelor si chestiunea democratiei.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor deputati, aproape intreg obiectul principal in discutiile la acest raspuns al Mesajului a fost: suntem contra desfiintarii partidelor sau pentru desfiintarea partidelor? In aceasta privinta eu va spun punctul meu de vedere! Cine este cel care trebuie sa hotarasca desfiintarea sau nedesfiintarea partidelor? Puteti d-voastra sa le desfiintati sau sa le infiintati? Nu. Cel care trebuie sa hotarasca e poporul, e tara flamanda si goala. In momentui acela, cand va trebui sa se hotarasca, poporul va vedea daca trebuie sa se desfiinteze sau nu. In orice caz va spun ca poporul nu iubeste partidele politice. Acesta e un lucru precis si d-voastra, intr-un regim democratic, nu va puteti mentine la conducerea statului in contra vointei poporului. Aceasta este iarasi precis.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Mai este inca o chestiune. Spunea cineva: partidele nu sunt nascute dintr-o improvizalie, ele sunt rezultatul unei evolutii. Da, si eu sunt pentru aceasta teorie si eu aplic partidelor legea evolutiei. Partidele ca si toate lucrurile de pe lumea aceasta, se nasc, se desvolta si mor. Cred ca partidele nu sunt forma superioara a perfectiei. care sa fi castigat dreptul la nemurire.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Mai este o chestiune, de ordin extern. D-voastra vedeti foarte bine ca intreaga opinie publica din Europa se indreapta catre extreme. Ei bine, extremele acestea, ca doua pietre de moara, vor macina incetul cu incetul toate partidele.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor deputati, priviti in Europa. Sunt doua extreme puternice: extrema dreapta si extrema stanga care se intaresc: la un moment dat una din acestea va invinge. Ei bine, va intreb pe d-voastra, mai ales pe d-voastra care tot timpul v-ati plecat in fata Europei si ati tremurat la cea dintai adiere de vant: Intr-o Europa in care invinge una din extreme, dvs. veti putea sa rezistati curentului acestei Europe?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

In ce priveste orientarea noastra, daca este chestiunea sa alegem intre aceste doua extreme, suntem dintre acei care cred ca soarele nu rasare la Moscova, ci la Roma. Noi credem ca parintii nostri, strabunii nostri, care ne-au adus pe pamantul acesta, oasele lor, cel putin din mie in mie de ani ne trimit cate un sfat bun, cate o idee buna, in ceasurile noastre grele si dureroase.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

In fapt, d-lor, asupra partidelor: generatia noastra \u2013 privind din afara \u2013 constata:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

1) Ca un partid politic este o societate anonima de exploatare a votului universal;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

2) Ca toate partidele sunt democratice, deoarece utilizeaza votul universal In acelasi mod;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

3) Ca neglijeaza interesele poporului si ale patriei satisfacand numai interesele particulare ale partizanilor, ca democratia este iresponsabila, ii lipseste puterea sanctiunii, ca toate partidele fac faradelegi, se dau pe fata unele pe altele, nimeni nu aplica sanctiuni contra alor sai, fiindca il pierde, nici In contra adversarilor, fiindca ei detin la randul lor faradelegile lor.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Si in aceasta chestiune dati-mi voie sa va atrag atentiunea numai asupra fraudelor care s-au facut de la razboi incoace si care toate au ramas fara sanctiuni; fraudele cu spirtul negru de 12 miliarde; fraudele de alamuri de la caile ferate de 900 milioane; pestele sovietic; galosii sovietici; padurile din judetul Neamt; padurile din Bucovina etc. Si dupa o socoteala sumara, suma fraudelor care s-au savarsit pe teritoriul acestei tari, de la razboi incoace atinge cifra de 50 miliarde lei.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Democratia vazuta din afara ne da impresiunea unei vaste complicitati in faradelege. Concluzia: democratia este incapabila de autoritate. Si inca ceva \u2013 am sa va servesc o chestiune care poate multora n-are sa va placa \u2013 va rog, d-lor sa ne tolerati ca sa fim severi, intransigenti in tot ceea ce intereseaza, fie Natiunea romaneasca, fie cinstea. Declar ca democratia e pusa in slujba marei finante nationale sau internationale jidovesti. (Intreruperi, zgomot<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor, dovada. Am venit aci cu o lista care are sa va supere, insa va spun sa nu-mi luati in nume de rau, fiindca nu pot sa tac in aceasta chestiune, este vorba de ceea ce se numeste portofoliul de la banca Blank.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Dati-mi voie sa va citesc \u2013 fiindca fiecare va regasiti aici. Lista am capatat-o, poate nu intreaga: D. Brandsch, subsecretar de stat, 111.000; D. Carol Davila 4.677.000; D. Eug. Goga, creanta ipotecara agricola lei 6.200.000.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D. Al. Otetelesanu<\/strong>: Este o ipoteca pe mosia d-nei Eugenia Goga.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D. N. Lahovary<\/strong>: Nu datoreaza d. Davila, datoreaza \u201eBanca Taraneasca\u201d. Nu este la fel, va rog sa rectificati. (Intreruperi, zgomot<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D. Corneliu Zelea Codreanu<\/strong>: Bine d-lor, nu zic ca nu este putred, o sa se plateasca dar sunt bani imprumutati. (Intreruperi<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor, s-or plati sau nu, nu stiu, dar sa va spun un singur lucru: exista obligatia pe care o are cineva cand imprumuta bani de la o asemenea finanta, de a satisface cand este la guvern, de a sprijini in opozitie si in orice caz de a nu lovi in ea cand trebuie sa fie lovita. (Aplauze pe mai multe banci<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D. Corneliu Zelea Codreanu<\/strong>: Mai departe: d. Iunian 407.000; d. Madgearu 401.000; d. Filipescu 1.265.000; d. Mihail Popovici 1.519.000: d. Raducanu 3.450.000. (Exclamatiuni pe bancile majoritatii<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Banca Raducanu din Tecuci 10.000.000; d-l Pangal 3.800.000; d. Titulescu 19.000.000; si se aude, n-am putut stii precis, ca si d. Argetoianu ar fi aici cu 19.000.000.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Voci pe bancile majoritatii<\/strong>: Se aude!<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D. Comeliu Zelea Codreanu<\/strong>: Eu va spun ce am putut afla. (Intreruperi, zgomot<\/strong>). Mai sunt si altii.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor, eu nu acuz ca banii acestia au fost bacsisuri date, nu. Sub o forma s-au luat de acolo acesti bani si acum este vorba sa se vada aceasta chestiune. acum desigur ca oamenii acestia, care se simt legati de acolo, n-au libertate deplina ca sa vina sa ia masuri categorice impotriva acestei Banci. (Aplauze pe mai multe banci<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor deputati, daca se cer sacrificii pentru ca sa asanam aceasta tara, nu putem noi sa consimtim la sacrificiul care ar fi sa se faca pentru asanarea Bancii Blank, pentru nunta care a facut-o d-sa la Paris, unde a cheltuit cum se aude 50 milioane lei, ca si pentru alte lucruri. (Exclamatiuni, intreruperi<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D-lor, in consecinta, noi venim cu citeva solutiuni practice care poarta nota tineretii:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

CEREM<\/strong>\u00a0introducerea pedepsei cu moartea, exclusiv pentru manipulatorii fraudulosi ai banului public. (Aplauze pe mai multe banci<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D. V. G. Ispir<\/strong>: D-le Codreanu, d-ta te intitulezi crestin si purtator al ideei crestine.Iti aduc aminte \u2013 eu sunt profesor de teologie \u2013 ca sustinerea acestei idei este anti-crestina. (Aplauze<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D. Corneliu Zelea Codreanu<\/strong>: D-le profesor, dati-mi voie sa va spun: cand este chestiunea sa aleg intre moartea, disparitia tarii mele si aceea a talharului, eu prefer moartea talharului si sunt mai bun crestin, daca nu permit ca talharul sa-mi nenoroceasca tara si sa mi-o duca la pieire. (Aplauze pe mai multe banci<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

CEREM<\/strong>\u00a0revizuirea si confiscarea averilor celor care si-au furat tara saraca. (Strigate de \u201ebravo\u201d<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

CEREM<\/strong>\u00a0tragerea la raspundere penala a tuturor oamenilor politici care se vor dovedi ca au lucrat in contra tarii, sprijinind afaceri necorecte particulare. (Aplauze pe mai multe banci<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

CEREM<\/strong>\u00a0impiedicarea pe viitor a oamenilor politici de a face parte din consiliul de administratie al diferitelor banci sau intreprinderi. (Aplauze pe mai multe banci<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

CEREM<\/strong>\u00a0alungarea cetelor de exploatatori nemilosi, care au venit pe pamantul acesta sa expoateze bogatiile solului si munca bratelor noastre.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

CEREM<\/strong>\u00a0declararea teritoriului Romaniei ca proprietate inalienabila si imprescritibila a neamului romanesc.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

0 voce de pe bancile partidului National-Taranesc<\/strong>: Este.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

D. Comeliu Zelea Codreanu<\/strong>: A neamului romanesc, nu-i.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

CEREM<\/strong>\u00a0trimiterea la munca a tuturor agentilor electorali si stabilirea unui comandament unic, caruia sa i se supuna intr-un singur suflet toata suflarea romaneasca. Daca in momentul de fata conducatorii sunt impiedicati sa ia masuri intregi din cauza Constitutiei sau legilor in vigoare, atunci noi suntem de parere sa se dizolve Corpurile Legiuitoare, sa se faca apel si sa cheme Adunarea Constituanta, pentru ca poporul sa desemneze pe acel care va fi chemat sa ia toate masurile necesare, pentru salvarea Romaniei. (Aplauze pe mai multe banci)<\/strong>
\n\u201eO scurt\u0103 istorie a viitorului\u201c de Jacques Attali
\n> Pare dubios, \u0219i arat\u0103 ca un \u201e\u0219mechera\u0219\u201d care spune pove\u0219ti credulilor.\u00a0 Ceea ce m-a uimit \u00eens\u0103, dup\u0103 lecturarea acestui material, \u00a0(un fel de recenzie a c\u0103r\u021bii \u201e O scurt\u0103 istorie a viitorului\u201d), a fost faptul c\u0103 individul nu-si su\u021bine teoriile privind evolu\u021bia omenirii \u00een acest secol folosind, de bun sim\u021b de altfel, expresii de genul \u201eprobabil c\u0103…\u201d, nu, el face afirma\u021bii clare, de genul \u201e se VA produce, declan\u0219a, \u00eent\u00e2mpla etc, ceva, la niste date oarecum \u00a0precise. Ion Coja \u00eel define\u0219te pe Attali ca pe \u201eun evreu care \u0219tie el ce spune\u201d \u00a0Poate c\u0103 \u0219tie ce spune, g\u00e2ndindu-se doar la c\u0103t de v\u00e2ndut\u0103 \u00eei este cartea. BANII BANII, BANII!Dac\u0103 nici evreii nu \u0219tiu s\u0103 \u00eei fac\u0103, atunci cine?
\n>
\n> Citi\u021bi, \u0219i v\u0103 minuna\u021bi!
\n>
\n> \u00centr-o carte pe care Henry Kissinger a numit-o \u201estr\u0103lucit\u0103 \u015fi provocatoare… greu de respins\u201c, \u00a0Jacques Attali confirm\u0103 faptul c\u0103 bancherii \u201eIlumina\u021bi\u201d sunt \u00een curs de impunere a unei hidoase \u201eBrave New World\u201c asupra omenirii, una care n-are nicio conexiune cu frumuse\u0163ea, bun\u0103tatea, adev\u0103rul sau realitatea.
\n> Cartea \u201eO scurt\u0103 istorie a viitorului\u201c descrie ordinea de zi a elitei pentru secolul XXI.Titlul este revelator, deoarece Attali define\u015fte istoria ca fiind \u201enimic mai mult dec\u00e2t g\u00e2ndirea celor mai puternici\u201c. A\u0219adar, lucrarea este o poveste predictiv\u0103 a secolului XXI, \u00een func\u0163ie de planurile elitelor.
\n> Jacques Attali, francez de origine evreiasc\u0103 (recent a afirmat \u00een cadrul Congresului European Evreiesc c\u0103 popula\u0163ia evreiasc\u0103 din lume trebuie s\u0103 se ridice la 200 de milioane), este un \u00eenalt tehnocrat care lucreaz\u0103 pentru a instaura Noua Ordine Mondial\u0103.
\n> Attali are un CV deosebit.Timp de zece ani a lucrat \u00een calitate de consilier al fostului pre\u015fedinte francez Fran\u00e7ois Mitterand. \u00cen 1980, el a \u00eenceput programul european Eureka (un program major privind noile tehnologii care a inventat, printre altele, MP3). \u00cen 1991, a participat \u00een calitate de cofondator la \u00eenfiin\u021barea B\u0103ncii Europene pentru Reconstruc\u0163ie \u015fi Dezvoltare. De asemenea, el se afl\u0103 la originea reformei \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103m\u00e2ntului superior, cunoscut\u0103 sub numele de LMD, conceput\u0103 pentru a permite echivalarea tuturor studiilor superioare din Europa. A publicat peste 50 de c\u0103r\u0163i, v\u00e2ndute \u00een peste \u015fase milioane de exemplare \u00een \u00eentreaga lume. Acestea includ \u015fi o biografie a bancherului german Siegmund Warburg, pe care \u00eel admir\u0103 foarte mult.
\n> A scris, de asemenea, o prezentare elogioas\u0103 la adresa lui Karl Marx, argument\u00e2nd c\u0103 Marx a fost un adept al pie\u0163ei libere care a favorizat capitalismul ca un pas decisive spre idealul s\u0103u comunist, \u015fi a prezis globalizarea a\u015fa cum o \u015ftim ast\u0103zi (de exemplu Noua Ordine Mondial\u0103).
\n> \u00cen \u201eO scurt\u0103 istorie a viitorului\u201c, Attali prezice c\u0103 secolul XXI se va desf\u0103\u015fura \u00een trei faze distincte:
\n> 1. Super-imperiul
\n> Mai \u00eent\u00e2i va fi o er\u0103 de privatizare \u00een care societ\u0103\u021bile (corpora\u021biile) impun ordinea de zi. El scrie: \u201eBanii \u00eel vor sc\u0103pa \u00een cele din urm\u0103 de tot ceea ce-l amenin\u021b\u0103, inclusiv de statele-na\u021biuni, care se vor distruge progresiv. Pia\u021ba va deveni singura lege recunoscut\u0103 \u00een lume. Un sistem de putere a c\u0103rui structur\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne evaziv\u0103, dar al c\u0103rui scop este global\u201c.
\n> 2. Hiperconflictul
\n> Super-imperiul va face implozie \u015fi va exista o perioad\u0103 de haos la nivel mondial. \u00cencep\u00e2nd cu 2030, Attali prevede \u201er\u0103zboaie devastatoare, na\u021biuni erodate, grupuri religioase, entit\u0103\u021bi teroriste \u015fi pira\u021bi ai pie\u021belor libere care se vor lupta unul \u00eempotriva celuilalt\u201c.
\n> 3. Hiperdemocra\u021bia
\n> (2060). Extenuat\u0103 de r\u0103zboaie \u015fi de revolte sociale, popula\u021bia lumii va accepta cu bra\u021bele deschise \u201ecrearea unui guven mondial democratic\u201c. Acesta va fi un sistem colectivist, \u00een care toat\u0103 lumea lucreaz\u0103 pentru\u201ebinele comun\u201c (\u0219tim cu to\u021bii ce \u00eenseamn\u0103 acest \u201ebine comun\u201c \u00eenc\u0103 din vremea comunismului).
\n>
\n> V\u0103 prezent\u0103m \u00een continuare c\u00e2teva teme abordate de Attali \u00een aceast\u0103 carte, pentru a v\u0103 oferi o id\u00e9e despre viitorul pe care ni-l preg\u0103tesc \u201eelitele\u201d.
\n> Iluminati \u015fi sexualitatea
\n> \u00cen viitor, oamenii nu se vor mai lega \u0219i nu \u00ee\u0219i vor mai crea familii. \u201eCuplul nu va mai fi principala baz\u0103 a vie\u021bii \u0219i sexualit\u0103\u021bii.Oamenii vor prefera s\u0103 aleag\u0103, \u00een deplin\u0103 transparen\u021b\u0103, iubirea poligam\u0103 sau poliandr\u0103.\u201c For\u021ba motrice a acestei tendin\u021be este utilizarea unor tehnologii care elibereaz\u0103 tineretul de controlul parental. Primul a fost radio-ul, care a permis tinerilor \u201eS\u0103 danseze \u00een afara s\u0103lilor de bal \u0219i, prin urmare, s\u0103 fie liberi de orice supraveghere parental\u0103 \u2013 liberaliz\u00e2nd sexualitatea, f\u0103c\u00e2ndu-i deschi\u0219i la toate tipurile de muzic\u0103, de la jazz la rock, \u0219i anun\u021b\u00e2nd astfel intrarea tinerilor \u00een lumea consuma\u021biei, a dorin\u021bei \u0219i a rebeliunii\u201d.
\n> O cultur\u0103 dominat\u0103 de mass-media va crea o popula\u021bie egocentric\u0103, care \u201eva fi loial\u0103 numai ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i\u201c. Cu iub\u0103re\u0163ii care vor e\u0219ua \u00een fa\u021ba problemelor impuse de via\u021b\u0103, \u201elumea nu va mai fi decat o juxtapunere de singur\u0103t\u0103\u021bi \u0219i dragostea o juxtapunere de masturb\u0103ri\u201c. Scopul elitei este de a elimina dragostea din cadrul rela\u021biilor sexuale, astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t aceasta s\u0103 poat\u0103 controla reproducerea.
\n> Attali scrie c\u0103, \u00een secolul XX, societatea \u201ea \u00eencercat s\u0103 elimine rolul reproduc\u0103tor al sexualita\u021bii, f\u0103c\u00e2nd artificial maternitatea, prin utilizarea tot mai intens\u0103 de metode din ce \u00een ce mai sofisticate ca: pilule, provocarea de dureri premature ale facerii, fertilizarea \u00een vitro, mame-surogat\u201c. \u00cen viitor, societatea \u201eva merge chiar at\u00e2t de departe, \u00eenc\u00e2t s\u0103 disocieze reproducerea \u0219i sexualitatea. Sexualitatea va fi \u00eemp\u0103r\u0103\u021bia pl\u0103cerii, reproducerea \u2013 o ma\u0219in\u0103rie\u201c.
\n> Genera\u021biile viitoare \u201evor fabrica fiin\u021ba uman\u0103 ca pe un artefact f\u0103cut la comand\u0103, \u00eentr-un uter artificial, ceea ce va permite creierului s\u0103 se dezvolte \u00een continuare cu caracteristici alese \u00een avans. Fiin\u021ba uman\u0103 va deveni astfel un obiect comercial\u201c.
\n> Supravegherea
\n> Attali a descris o imagine a unui sistem de supraveghere care i-ar face \u0219i pe cei de la STASI (Ministerul pentru Securitatea Statului \u2013 fosta poli\u021bie politic\u0103 a fostului stat RDG) s\u0103 tresar\u0103. Chiar \u0219i ma\u0219inile noastre de sp\u0103lat vor conspira \u00eempotriva noastr\u0103, \u00een timp ce \u201eambalajele produselor alimentare, tapi\u021beriile vehiculelor \u0219i bunurile de uz casnic vor deveni \u00abcomunicative\u00bb\u201c. Vom tr\u0103i cu robo\u0163i \u00een care nu vom putea avea \u00eencredere.\u201eRobo\u021bii domestici vor deveni o prezen\u021b\u0103 universal\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba de zi cu zi. Ei vor fi permanent conecta\u021bi la re\u021bele de mare putere pe care le vor putea accesa oriunde s-ar deplasa. Ace\u0219tia vor func\u021biona ca ajutoare pentru treburile domestice, ca ajutoare pentru persoanele cu handicap sau \u00een v\u00e2rst\u0103, ca lucr\u0103tori \u0219i ca membri ai for\u021belor de securitate. \u00cen special, ace\u0219tia vor deveni \u00abWatchers\u00bb (Supraveghetori).\u201c
\n> Toate datele noastre vor fi colectate de firmele de securitate privat\u0103 \u0219i public\u0103. Ca principal\u0103 form\u0103 de supraveghere vor fi folosite dispozitivele portabile de divertisment. Germenele acestui lucru este ast\u0103zi iPhone-ul care trimite date c\u0103tre NSA (Agentia Na\u021bionala de Securitate). Orice obiect transportabil va fi permanent urm\u0103rit. Toate datele pe care le con\u021bine, inclusiv imagini din via\u021ba de zi cu zi a fiec\u0103ruia, vor fi stocate \u0219i v\u00e2ndute \u00eentreprinderilor specializate \u0219i poli\u021biei publice \u0219i private. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2050, aceste ma\u0219ini vor evolua \u00een ceea ce Attali nume\u0219te \u201ema\u0219ini de autosupraveghere\u201c, care vor permite tuturor s\u0103 se automonitorizeze \u00een privin\u021ba respect\u0103rii de c\u0103tre ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i a normelor impuse.Ne vom monitoriza consumul de ap\u0103, energie \u0219i materii prime. Vom avea chiar \u0219i \u201eposibilitatea de a m\u0103sura, permanent sau periodic, parametrii (propriului) corp\u201c. \u201eCip-urile electronice, purtate subcutanat, vor \u00eenregistra ne\u00eencetat b\u0103t\u0103ile inimii, tensiunea arterial\u0103 \u0219i colesterolul. Microprocesoare conectate la diverse organe vor urm\u0103ri func\u021bionarea lor \u00een raport cu normele. \u201cTr\u0103ind \u00een condi\u021bii nesigure \u0219i duc\u00e2nd o via\u021b\u0103 haotic\u0103, vom fi dependen\u021bi de societ\u0103\u021bile de asigurare pentru securitatea noastr\u0103. Aceste companii vor impune clien\u021bii lor cerin\u021be tot mai mari \u0219i se vor asigura c\u0103 ei \u201ese conformeaz\u0103 normelor, pentru a-\u0219i reduce la minim riscurile… Ei vor interveni treptat pentru a dicta norme planetare (Ce s\u0103 m\u0103n\u00e2nci?; Ce trebuie s\u0103 cuno\u0219ti?; Cum s\u0103 \u0219ofezi?; Cum s\u0103 te protejezi?; Cum s\u0103 consumi?; Cum s\u0103 produci?)\u201c. Companiile de asigurare vor fi nemiloase, \u201eEle \u00eei vor penaliza pe fum\u0103tori, b\u0103utori, obezi, neangaja\u021bi, neproteja\u021bi, agresivi, neaten\u021bi, ne\u00eendemanatici, prost\u0103naci,risipitori. Ignoran\u021ba, expunerea la riscuri, oboseala \u0219i vulnerabilitatea vor fi considerate boli\u201c. Penitenciarele \u201evor fi \u00eenlocuite treptat cu supravegherea de la distan\u021b\u0103 a unei persoane sub arest la domiciliu\u201c.
\n> Imigrarea
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\n> Fluxurile de imigrare se vor extinde \u0219i vor scufunda statele-na\u021biune. \u201eMarea Britanie va deveni o \u021bar\u0103-gazd\u0103 major\u0103, \u00een special pentru cet\u0103\u021benii din \u021b\u0103rile Europei Centrale. \u00cen cele din urm\u0103, ace\u0219tia vor spune la r\u00e2ndul lor bun venit muncitorilor ucraineni, ei \u00een\u0219i\u0219i \u00eenlocui\u021bi de ru\u0219i \u0219i de vasta popula\u021bie chinez\u0103.\u201c \u021a\u0103rile durabile (r\u0103mase) vor \u00eenv\u0103\u021ba c\u0103 \u201eun aflux de popula\u021bie este condi\u021bia ca ele s\u0103 supravie\u021buiasc\u0103\u201c.
\n> \u00centr-un pasaj sinistru, Attali vorbe\u0219te despre hoardele lumii a treia \u00eenghi\u021bind Vestul: \u201eMai numeroase ca niciodat\u0103, masele se vor arunca asupra por\u021bilor Vestului. Ele deja num\u0103r\u0103 sute de mii \u00een fiecare lun\u0103; aceast\u0103 cifr\u0103 va cre\u0219te la milioane, apoi zeci de milioane\u201c.
\n> Statele Unite vor fi cea mai popular\u0103 destina\u021bie \u0219i, \u201e\u00een dou\u0103zeci de ani, popula\u021biile hispanic\u0103 \u0219i afro-american\u0103 vor constitui aproape o majoritate \u00een Statele Unite\u201c.Nomadismul va deveni, de asemenea, norma \u00een Occident: \u201e\u015fi tot mai mul\u021bi oameni vor l\u0103sa o \u021bar\u0103 pentru alta; \u00een cur\u00e2nd vor fi mai mult de zece milioane dintre ei care vor schimba \u021b\u0103rile \u00een fiecare an\u201c. Principalul nostru stimulant vor fi banii, dar mul\u021bi vor pleca, deoarece ace\u0219tia sunt dezgusta\u021bi de propria patrie. \u201eEi nu mai doresc s\u0103 depind\u0103 de o\u021bar\u0103 al c\u0103rei sistem de impozitare, legisla\u021bie \u015fi chiar cultur\u0103 le resping \u015fi, de asemenea, vor s\u0103 dispar\u0103 complet, pentru a tr\u0103i o alt\u0103 via\u021b\u0103. Lumea va fi astfel din ce \u00een ce mai plin\u0103 cu oameni care au devenit anonimi din propria lor ini\u021biativ\u0103; va fi ca un carnaval \u00een care fiecare \u2013 libertatea de final! \u2013 \u00ee\u0219i va fi ales o nou\u0103 identitate pentru el.\u201c
\n> Viitorul SUA
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\n> Dolarul va r\u0103m\u00e2ne moneda dominant\u0103 cel pu\u021bin p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2025, c\u00e2nd sus\u021bin\u0103torii str\u0103ini vor \u00eencepe s\u0103-l abandoneze \u0219i \u201epiramida creditului, bazat\u0103 pe valoarea locuin\u021belor americane, se va pr\u0103bu\u0219i\u201c.
\n> SUA vor \u00eencepe apoi s\u0103 se dezintegreze, violen\u021ba \u0219i haosul fiind urmarea crizei economice. Attali statueaz\u0103: \u201eNu va exista pentru Africa de m\u00e2ine o zi care s\u0103 semene cu Vestul de azi, dar \u00eentregul Occident de m\u00e2ine ar putea evoca Africa de ast\u0103zi.\u201cSUA vor trebui s\u0103-\u0219i remodeleze guvernul, pentru a rec\u00e2\u0219tiga controlul. \u201eStatele Unite ar putea deveni atunci un fel de social-democra\u021bie scandinav\u0103 sau o dictatur\u0103 \u2013 \u0219i chiar, probabil, una dup\u0103 alta. Nu ar fi pentru prima dat\u0103 c\u00e2nd o astfel de surpriz\u0103 s-ar produce: primul lider care a aplicat principiile necesare pentru a ie\u0219i din criz\u0103 (ultima depresiune economic\u0103) a fost Mussolini, al doilea a fost Hitler \u0219i \u00eensu\u0219i Roosevelt a fost al treilea.
\n> \u201cPe masur\u0103 ce haosul \u0219i violen\u021ba vor \u00eenghi\u021bi lumea, cre\u0219tinismul \u0219i islamismul se vor consolida. Zona str\u00e2ns legat\u0103 de Biblie din sudul Statelor Unite ale Americii se va mobiliza \u0219i ar putea domina politica SUA. Statele Unite ar putea ajunge \u00een jurul anului 2040 s\u0103 cad\u0103 prad\u0103 unei ispite teocratice, explicite sau implicite, sub forma izola\u021bionismului teocratic \u00een care democra\u021bia nu ar mai fi dec\u00e2t o umbr\u0103.
\n> \u201cAceast\u0103 mi\u0219care cre\u0219tin\u0103 ar putea fi folosit\u0103 \u00eentr-un r\u0103zboi \u00eempotriva unui islam mobilizat, care probabil ar sl\u0103bi \u0219i discredita ambele religii. O alian\u021b\u0103 cre\u0219tin\u0103 interna\u021bional\u0103 \u201ear putea forma alian\u021be ici \u0219i colo cu pira\u021bi seculari \u0219i trafican\u021bi de arme, femei \u0219i droguri\u201c. Aceast\u0103 alian\u0163\u0103 va \u201esta fa\u0163\u0103 \u00een fa\u0163\u0103 \u00eempotriva Islamului \u2013 \u015fi lupta va fi neobosit\u0103. Ea \u00eei va ap\u0103ra pe cre\u015ftini \u00een \u0163\u0103rile \u00een care ace\u015ftia sunt o minoritate, ca \u00een Liban, Siria \u0219i Irak\u201c. \u00cenainte de sf\u00e2r\u015fitul secolului XXI, SUA vor fi dezintegrate \u015fi se vor afla sub autoritatea unui guvern mondial colectiv.
\n> Viitorul r\u0103zboi
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\n> \u00cen jurul anului 2030, Attali vede \u00eenceperea \u201ehiperconflictului\u201c, o perioad\u0103 de violen\u0163\u0103 extraordinar\u0103 \u015fi de revolte, total diferit\u0103 de \u201ehiperdemocra\u0163ie\u201d; un guvern comunitar unic va ap\u0103rea \u00een jurul lui 2060. Hiperconflictul va consta din \u201er\u0103zboaie devastatoare, na\u0163iuni s\u0103r\u0103cite, grupuri religioase, entit\u0103\u0163i teroriste \u015fi pira\u0163i ai pie\u0163ei libere lupt\u00e2nd unul \u00eempotriva celuilalt\u201c. R\u0103zboaiele viitoare se vor purta cu arme \u201echimice, biologice, bacteriologice, electronice \u015fi nanotehnologice\u201c. \u201eArmele chimice vor fi capabile s\u0103 caute \u015fi s\u0103 ucid\u0103 liderii f\u0103r\u0103 a fi detectate; pandemii ar trebui s\u0103 fie gata de declan\u015fare la dorin\u0163\u0103; arme genetice complexe vor fi \u00eendreptate \u00een viitor \u00een special \u00eempotriva anumitor grupuri etnice. Nanorobo\u0163i la fel de mici ca un fir de praf, cunoscu\u0163i sub numele de jeleuri gri, ar putea efectua pe furi\u015f misiuni de supraveghere \u015fi ataca celulele corpului inamicului.\u201c Chiar \u015fi vacile vor fi utilizate de c\u0103tre pionierii armatei, \u201eanimale clonate ar putea \u00eendeplini anumite misiuni \u2013 animale bombe-vii, mon\u015ftri ie\u015fi\u0163i din co\u015fmar\u201c. Aceste arme vor fi disponibile pe scara larg\u0103. \u201eCele mai multe dintre aceste arme vor fi accesibile na\u0163iunilor mici, non-statelor, corsarilor, pira\u0163ilor, mercenarilor, maquisarzilor (gherilelor) mafiei, terori\u015ftilor \u015fi oric\u0103rui tip de traficant… \u00centr-un viitor nu at\u00e2t de \u00eendep\u0103rtat, va fi posibil\u0103 fabricarea unei e-bombe cu doar 400 dolari, const\u00e2nd dintr-un condensator, o rol\u0103 de s\u00e2rm\u0103 de cupru \u015fi un exploziv.\u201c
\n> Razboaiele vor izbucni \u00een toat\u0103 lumea: unele vor fi purtate pentru a ob\u021bine puterea asupra resurselor, cum ar fi r\u0103zboaiele pentru ap\u0103, alte r\u0103zboaie vor fi pentru a dob\u00e2ndi influen\u0163\u0103 sau \u00eentre grupurile etnice pentru ob\u0163inerea autonomiei. Acestea vor conduce la o secesiune a \u0163\u0103rilor \u015fi la apari\u0163ia unor noi na\u0163iuni la nivel mondial. Na\u0163iunile potrivite pentru un astfel de conflict includ Nigeria , Turcia , Iran \u015fi Filipine. Chiar \u015fi ora\u015fele \u00ee\u015fi vor proclama secesiunea; minorit\u0103\u0163ile etnice sau lingvistice \u00ee\u015fi vor cere independen\u0163a.
\n> \u00cemp\u0103r\u0163irea teritoriilor va merge prost. Attali crede c\u0103 multe conflicte vor fi s\u0103lbatice. \u201eGenocidurile vor fi comise \u00een acele timpuri cu cele mai crude arme. Cel pu\u0163in trei masacre de acest gen \u2013 \u00eempotriva armenilor, evreilor \u015fi tutsilor (un grup etnic din Africa Central\u0103 care tr\u0103ie\u015fte azi \u00een Rwanda, Burundi \u015fi nord-estul Republicii Democratice Congo \u2013 fostul Zair \u2013, care practic\u0103 cre\u015ftinismul combinat cu credin\u0163ele tradi\u0163ionale) \u2013 au fost comise \u00een secolul XX. Iar cei care nu cred ar trebui doar s\u0103-\u015fi aminteasc\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een 1938, nimeni nu se g\u00e2ndea c\u0103 Shoah-ul (Holocaustul) ar fi posibil. \u201cNa\u0163iunile occidentale ar putea fi implicate \u00een r\u0103zboaie mari, Coreea de Nord fiind considerat\u0103 a fi un catalizator potrivit. Acum \u00eendreptate c\u0103tre Japonia, rachetele Coreei de Nord vor \u0163inti \u00eentr-o zi Statele Unite \u015fi China . Rachetele Pakistanului c\u0103zute \u00een m\u00e2inile fundamentali\u015ftilor vor pune \u00een pericol prima dat\u0103 India , apoi Europa. Cele ale Hezbollah-ului, cu alte cuvinte ale Iranului \u2013 care acum \u0163intesc Israelul, \u00eentr-o zi vor fi \u00eendreptate (de la Beirut sau de la Teheran ) c\u0103tre Cairo, Riyadh, Alger, Tunis, Casablanca, Istanbul, apoi c\u0103tre Roma, Madrid, Londra \u015fi Paris.\u201c
\n> Legalizarea drogurilor
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\n> Attali prezice o lume viitoare \u00een care masele se \u00eeneac\u0103 singure \u00een distrac\u021bii, ca s\u0103 scape de via\u021ba nesigur\u0103 \u0219i lipsit\u0103 de sens. Vor pretinde (deja pretind) dreptul de a avea stabilitate. Le va fi dor de zilele c\u00e2nd frontierele erau \u00eenchise \u0219i ocuparea for\u021bei de munc\u0103 pe durata vie\u021bii era garantat\u0103, obiectele erau folosite pe termen lung, c\u0103s\u0103toriile erau pecetluite \u0219i r\u0103m\u00e2neau pecetluite, legile erau incasabile. \u201cDistrac\u021bia va fi principala noastr\u0103 sc\u0103pare. \u201eUnii se vor izola singuri \u00een autism, datorit\u0103 utiliz\u0103rii asidue a obiectelor portabile (iPhone- uri, MP3, MP4 etc.). Ei vor fi narcisi\u0219ti, obseda\u021bi de automonitorizare, ca \u0219i japonezii otaku \u2013 acei fanatici ai spa\u021biului virtual, ai ascult\u0103rii muzicii \u00een c\u0103\u0219ti \u0219i ai automonitoriz\u0103rii trupului.\u201c
\n> \u00cen complicitate cu divertismentul, drogurile vor fi legalizate pentru a ne amor\u021bi \u00een fa\u021ba nebuniei cresc\u00e2nde din jurul nostru. \u201eAlcool, canabis, opiu, morfin\u0103, heroin\u0103, cocain\u0103, produse sintetice (amfetamine, methamfetamine, Ecstasy). Droguri chimice, biologice sau electronice, distribuite de \u00abautot\u0103m\u0103duitori\u00bb vor deveni produse de consum \u00eentr-o lume f\u0103r\u0103 restric\u021bii legale, ale c\u0103rei principale victime vor fi infranomazii.\u201c (infranomazii \u2013 s\u0103racii lumii).
\n> Feminismul necesar socialismului
\n> Jacques Attali este un pionier al microfinan\u021b\u0103rii, fondator al PlaNet Finance, a treia organiza\u021bie de acest gen, ca m\u0103rime. Microfinan\u021barea const\u0103 \u00een acordarea de \u00eemprumuturi pentru oamenii s\u0103raci \u0219i grupurile comunitare din \u00eentreaga lume, pentru a \u00eencepe o afacere. C\u00e2nd a fost \u00eentrebat, \u00eentr-un interviu acordat lui Charlie Rose, de ce 80% din microcredite sunt date femeilor, Attali a descris fenomenul ca pe \u201eceva ciudat\u201c, dar \u00een carte expune motivul real. Femeile vor avea \u00eencredere \u00een colectivismul de stat. P\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 2060, Attali vede hiperdemocra\u021bia (un unic guvern colectivist) devenit\u0103 o realitate, iar pe pionierii acestui sistem \u00eei nume\u0219te \u201etransumani\u201c. \u201eTransumanii\u201d vor g\u0103si pl\u0103cere \u00een slujirea altora \u00een comunit\u0103\u021bile lor. Ei vor \u201einaugura o economie a altruismului, a disponibilit\u0103\u021bii de bun\u0103voie, a d\u0103ruirii reciproce, a serviciului public, a interesului general\u201c. \u201eFemeile vor deveni \u00abtransumani\u00bb mai u\u0219or dec\u00e2t barba\u021bii, g\u0103sind pl\u0103cere \u00een a da, pl\u0103cere care este specific\u0103 instinctului matern.\u201c \u201eCre\u0219terea progresiv\u0103 a ponderii femeilor \u00een fiecare dimensiune a economiei \u0219i societ\u0103\u021bii \u00een special, prin intermediul microfinan\u021b\u0103rii, va spori enorm numarul transumani\u0219tilor.\u201c
\n> Cipul pentru creier
\n> Omul viitorului – va merge pe str\u0103zi \u00eengrozit de propriile sale g\u00e2nduri. El va avea implantat un brainchip (cip pentru creier). \u201eProtezele bionice conectate direct la creier ne vor ajuta s\u0103 construim pun\u021bi \u00eentre sferele de cunoa\u0219tere, s\u0103 producem imagini mentale, s\u0103 c\u0103l\u0103torim, s\u0103 \u00eenv\u0103\u021b\u0103m, s\u0103 vis\u0103m \u015fi s\u0103 comunic\u0103m cu alte min\u021bi. \u201cAceast\u0103 tehnologie\u201edeja permite unui tetraplegic s\u0103 scriecincisprezece cuvinte pe minut printr-o simpl\u0103 transmisie ag\u00e2ndurilor, \u0219i s\u0103 le trimit\u0103 prin e-mail. Telepatia este astfel (deja) realitate. \u201cVom culege cu to\u021bii \u201ebeneficiile\u201c acestei tehnologii. \u201eM\u00e2ine, aceste procese vor permite s\u0103 avem forme de comunicare direct\u0103 prin intermediul min\u021bii, s\u0103 ne \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021bim procesul de \u00eenv\u0103\u021bare \u0219i de crea\u021bie \u00een re\u021bele de comunicare asistate electronic.\u201d Consecin\u021ba acestei evolu\u021bii va fi supravegherea sufocant\u0103. Ast\u0103zi, statul are acces la profilul nostru de pe Facebook, m\u00e2ine ne va cunoa\u0219te fiecare g\u00e2nd al nostru.
\n> \u00centr-o zi, consider\u0103 Attali, con\u0219tiin\u021ba va fi stocat\u0103 digital \u0219i va fi posibil s\u0103 tr\u0103iasc\u0103 \u00een gazde multiple. \u201eDatorit\u0103 progreselor uluitoare, putem a\u0219tepta de la nano\u0219tiin\u021be\u2013\u015fi toat\u0103 lumea va spera chiar \u2013 s\u0103 fac\u0103 posibil transferul con\u0219tiin\u021bei de sine \u00eentr-un alt organism, pentru ca fiecare s\u0103 aib\u0103 propria sa dublur\u0103, copii ale persoanelor iubite, b\u0103rba\u021bi \u0219i femei visate, hibrizi construi\u021bi cu tr\u0103s\u0103turi specific preselectate pentru a atinge obiective precise. Unii vor c\u0103uta chiar s\u0103 preia suprema\u021bia asupra speciei umane, printr-o form\u0103 de via\u021b\u0103 dotat\u0103 cu o inteligen\u021b\u0103 diferit\u0103 \u015fi superioar\u0103. \u201cUnii vor tr\u0103i mii de ani \u0219i vor intra \u00eentr-o zon\u0103 de crepuscul \u00eentre via\u021b\u0103 \u0219i moarte. Apoi omul, \u00een cele din urm\u0103 fabricat ca un artefact, nu va mai cunoa\u0219te moartea. La fel ca toate obiectele industriale, el nu va mai putea s\u0103 moar\u0103, deoarece nu s-a n\u0103scut niciodat\u0103.
\n> Nebunia Agendei
\n> Cartea este plin\u0103 de alte descrieri similare ale omului viitorului, ca fiind un obiect industrial, ecou al visului comunist despre \u201eomul sovietic\u201c. Copiii vor fi cultiva\u021bi \u00een laboratoare ca un \u201eobiect comercial\u201c, spune Attali. El prevede c\u0103 \u00eenainte de sf\u00e2r\u0219itul secolului XXI, Luna va fi colonizat\u0103 \u0219i este interesant de notat descrierea f\u0103cut\u0103 procesului psihologic cu care se confrunt\u0103 omul.
\n> Scopul final al NOW.
\n> Aproape de sf\u00e2r\u0219itul c\u0103r\u021bii, Attali ne spune scopul final al Noii Ordini Mondiale: distrugerea omenirii. El afirm\u0103 c\u0103 hiperdemocra\u021bia va fi un Guvern mondial unic, stabilit de c\u0103tre ONU, care va impune for\u021bat fiec\u0103rui cet\u0103\u021bean obliga\u021bii fa\u021b\u0103 de mediu \u0219i fa\u021b\u0103 de alte persoane. Hiperdemocra\u021bia va dezvolta un bine comun definit de o inteligen\u021b\u0103 colectiv\u0103, care\u201eeste o inteligen\u021b\u0103 specific\u0103 \u00een sine, care g\u00e2nde\u0219te diferit de fiecare membru al grupului\u201c, \u00een acela\u0219i mod \u00een care \u201eun computer g\u00e2nde\u015fte diferit de fiecare procesor\u201c. Apoi, ne vom \u015fterge progresiv pe noi \u00een sine, datorit\u0103 progreselor tehnologice. \u201e\u00cen cele din urm\u0103, \u00een stadiul final al evolu\u0163iei, vom putea asista la (s-ar putea s\u0103 fim deja martori) o hiperinteligen\u0163\u0103 a traiului, \u00een care omenirea va fi doar o component\u0103 infinitezimal\u0103 (adic\u0103 va tinde spre zero)\u201c. Omenirea va muri apoi. \u201eIstoria singular\u0103 a lui Homo sapiens sapiens ar atinge punctual final des\u0103v\u00e2r\u015firea.\u201c
\n> Lumea noastr\u0103 sau a lor
\n> Attali consider\u0103 c\u0103 \u00eentreaga opozi\u0163ie la viitoarea ordine a lumii va fi inutil\u0103, deoarece nu va propune un alt sistem. \u201eMajoritatea acestor noi contestatari nu va propune un sistem \u00eenlocuitor… A\u015ftepta\u0163i-v\u0103 la o m\u00e2n\u0103 (de oameni) care va propune o \u00eentoarcere la teocra\u0163ie.\u201c
\n> \u00cencheiem prin a spune c\u0103 a critica \u015fi a expune noua ordine mondial\u0103 nu este de ajuns. Trebuie s\u0103 ne str\u0103duim s\u0103 ne cre\u0103m propria noastr\u0103 lume, \u00eenainte ca un cult nebun s\u0103 ne distrug\u0103 pentru totdeauna.<\/p>\n

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\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0Bomb\u0103 istoric\u0103! Tratat ruso-turc din 16 martie 1921! Abroga toate tratatele anterioare, implicit Tratatul prin care se luase Basarabia \u00een 1812<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

\u00a0Vlad\u00a0Mischevca<\/strong> este un cunoscut \u0219i reputat istoric rom\u00e2n din Chi\u0219in\u0103u<\/strong>, cu\u00a012 monografii publicate la Chisinau,\u00a0Ia\u0219i, Atena \u0219i Salonic. Tratatul \u00een cauz\u0103 l-a descoperit \u00een anul 2012, \u00een procesul de documentare\u00a0\u00a0asupra subiectului tratatului de pace de la Bucure\u0219ti din 1812, \u00eentr o lucrare mai pu\u021bin cunoscut\u0103, care cuprindea\u00a0documente publicate la Moscova \u00een anul 1943. Existen\u021ba acestui Tratat a fost\u00a0prezentat\u0103de autor \u00een 2014, \u00eentr-un articol legat de Asocierea\u00a0Republicii Moldova la Uniunea European\u0103 la summitul de la\u00a0Vilnnius \u00een 2013.<\/p>\n

Cum a ajuns \u0219i la Bucure\u0219ti\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2026La cursurile\u00a0de var\u0103 (16 \u2013 21 august 2015) ale\u00a0Universit\u0103\u021bii populare Nicolae Iorga de la V\u0103lenii de Munte, cursuri ini\u021biate din 1998, un\u00a0subiect ce mi-a atras atentia \u2013 nu numai mie \u2013 a fost prezentat de un istoric din Chi\u0219in\u0103u \u2013 Vlad Mischevca \u2013 care ne-a relevat<\/em>\u00a0existen\u021ba unui tratat ruso-turc din 1921 prin care cele 2 puteri declarau NULE\u00a0juridic orice tratate anterioare dintre fostele imperii\u00a0\u2013 \u021barist \u0219i otoman \u2013\u00a0rezult\u00e2nd, deci, \u0219i anularea Tratatului de pace ruso-turc\u00a0de la Bucure\u0219ti, din\u00a01812, prin care Rusia \u0219i-a alipit jum\u0103tate din Principatul\u00a0Moldovei, sub numele\u00a0de Basarabia.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abord\u00e2ndu-l pe autor pentru mai multe am\u0103nunte, acesta a\u00a0precizat c\u0103 \u00een cercetarea sa nu a g\u0103sit nici o referire la acest subiect,\u00a0ca \u0219i c\u00e2nd tratatul nu ar fi cunoscut istoricilor. Istoricii din sal\u0103 au\u00a0confirmat \u0219i ei c\u0103 nu-l cunosc.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pentru mine\u00a0a fost \u0219ocant\u0103 aceast\u0103\u00a0informa\u021bie, deoarece, de la constituirea URSS \u0219i p\u00e2n\u0103\u00a0\u00een prezent, conduc\u0103torii\u00a0sovietici \/ ru\u0219i au sus\u021binut permanent c\u0103 au drepturi\u00a0legitime asupra\u00a0Basarabiei, motiv pentru care \u2013 de exemplu \u2013 au impus Rom\u00e2niei suplimentarea\u00a0desp\u0103gubirilor de r\u0103zboi pentru faptul c\u0103 aceasta \u201ea st\u0103p\u00e2nit\u201d Basarabia ruseasc\u0103 \u00eentre\u00a01918-1940, iar conduc\u0103torii no\u0219tri nu au replicat cu\u00a0existen\u021ba tratatului ruso-turc\u00a0din 1921 prin care erau anulate tratatele anterioare.<\/em><\/p>\n

Articolul men\u021bionat cu\u00a0interesanta sa bibliografie, c\u00e2t \u0219i Tratatul ruso-turc din\u00a01921 (cu o traducere\u00a0automat\u0103 imperfect\u0103), spre informare. <\/em>Dan\u00a0St\u0103nescu\/august\u00a02015<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Extras din lucrarea\u00a0De la Wilno la Vilnius. Paralele istorice basarabene: 1812-2013<\/em> de\u00a0Vlad MISCHEVCA \u2013 Limba Rom\u00e2n\u0103<\/em>, Chi\u0219in\u0103u, 2014, anul XXIV, nr. 4<\/h4>\n

\u201eRom\u00e2nii, cu toate c\u0103 sunt liberi, nu au \u00eens\u0103 \u0219i sentimentul libert\u0103\u021bii. Acesta nu vine de la natur\u0103, ci de la servitutea cu care au fost ap\u0103sa\u021bi \u0219i de la dominarea de care au fost umili\u021bi\u2026\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Dionisie Fotino<\/strong>, 1818)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Constatarea f\u0103cut\u0103 acum dou\u0103 secole, precum c\u0103 nu avem \u201esentimentul libert\u0103\u021bii\u201d din cauza domin\u0103rii umilitoare a puterilor str\u0103ine, r\u0103m\u00e2ne actual\u0103 \u0219i pentru rom\u00e2nii din Republica Moldova, care \u00eencearc\u0103 s\u0103 se desprind\u0103 de \u201esovietism\u201d \u0219i de sechelele imperialismul rus.<\/h4>\n

R\u0103m\u00e2nem sub presiunea evenimentelor ce au precedat summit<\/strong>\u2013<\/em>ul istoric de la Vilnius, unde, la 29 noiembrie 2013,<\/strong> Republica Moldova a parafat Acordul de Asociere \u0219i Liber Schimb cu UE.<\/em> Federa\u021bia Rus\u0103 a f\u0103cut presiuni pentru ca Azerbaidjanul s\u0103 renun\u021be, pe ultima sut\u0103 de metri, la posibilitatea de a deveni membru asociat al Uniunii Europene. Pre\u0219edintele ucrainean V. Ianukovici adoptase o decizie nefericit\u0103 de suspendare a procesului de semnare a Acordului de asociere cu UE. Iar, anterior, Armenia anun\u021base c\u0103 nu va \u00eenainta pe calea integr\u0103rii europene. \u00censeamn\u0103 oare c\u0103 summit-ul de la Vilnius a fost un \u201ee\u0219ec\u201d pentru Uniunea European\u0103 \u0219i o \u201ecatastrof\u0103\u201d pentru Republica Moldova?<\/p>\n

Se vehiculeaz\u0103 c\u0103, \u00een disputa dintre Rusia \u0219i UE, Republica Moldova ar fi un \u201epremiu ne\u00eensemnat\u201d (<\/strong>The Economist<\/em>)<\/strong>1<\/strong>, totu\u0219i, destinul nostru nu poate fi pus totalmente \u00een raport de rezultatul b\u0103t\u0103liei marilor puteri pentru statele CSI din fosta U.R.S.S. Viitorul Moldovei este legat indispensabil de Uniunea European\u0103, fiindc\u0103 trecutul ne este european. Consider\u0103m c\u0103 aderarea trebuie s\u0103 cuprind\u0103 gradual \u0219i factorul istorico-geografic al statelor aspirante. Iar, pentru Republica Moldova, scopul este nu doar asocierea, alias parafarea \u0219i ratificarea documentelor semnate la summit-ele UE, c\u00e2t revenirea, propriu-zis\u0103, \u00een familia statelor europene.<\/p>\n

Astfel, vom contesta acea nedreptate istoric\u0103, s\u0103v\u00e2r\u0219it\u0103 la adresa poporului nostru acum dou\u0103 secole, c\u00e2nd Principatul Moldovei a fost sf\u00e2rtecat \u00een jum\u0103tate. Parcursul european al Moldovei dintre Prut \u0219i Nistru a fost deturnat pentru un secol \u2013 prin anexarea ei, \u00een luna mai 1812,<\/strong> la Rusia \u021barist\u0103, iar apoi cotropirea, \u00een iunie 1940, de c\u0103tre U.R.S.S. \u0219i reocuparea de regimul sovietic \u00een 1944.<\/strong>.. Basarabia a devenit zon\u0103 de <\/strong>contact-conflict<\/em> \u00eentre dou\u0103 lumi antagoniste. Problema basarabean\u0103 este demult o problem\u0103 european\u0103, doar c\u0103 europenii \u00eent\u00e2rzie s\u0103 o solu\u021bioneze, iar basarabenii nu au puterea decizional\u0103 \u0219i nu se simt \u00eenc\u0103 la egal cu compatrio\u021bii rom\u00e2ni din st\u00e2nga Prutului, care sunt deja cet\u0103\u021beni ai Europei (din 2004 Rom\u00e2nia este membr\u0103 a NATO, iar din 2007 face parte din Uniunea European\u0103).<\/p>\n

Imperiul Rusiei, care se extindea c\u0103tre \u00eenceputul secolului al XIX-lea pe trei continente, \u00een Europa, Asia \u0219i America de Nord, promov\u00e2nd abil o politic\u0103 expansionist\u0103 \u00een direc\u021bia Balcanilor, \u0219i-a realizat, la 1812, doar par\u021bial planurile2. Totu\u0219i, \u00een pofida situa\u021biei interna\u021bionale nefavorabile \u0219i pl\u0103tind pre\u021bul a 150.000 de mor\u021bi ai armatei sale \u00een acel r\u0103zboi (1806-1812), a ob\u021binut un limes geostrategic foarte important \u2013 cucerind, la acea dat\u0103, gurile Dun\u0103rii (bra\u021bul Chiliei), dezmembr\u00e2nd str\u0103vechiul teritoriu al Moldovei. \u00cemp\u0103ratul Alexandru I, ocup\u00e2nd \u00een mod for\u021bat \u0219i arbitrar p\u0103m\u00e2nturile moldave dintre Nistru \u0219i Prut, dup\u0103 ce-\u0219i dorise extinderea grani\u021belor p\u00e2n\u0103 la Siret sau chiar p\u00e2n\u0103 la Carpa\u021bi \u0219i Dun\u0103re, nu avea vreun temei legitim de revendicare a acestora, \u00een afara dreptului for\u021bei. Teritoriul istoric rom\u00e2nesc dintre Prut \u0219i Nistru era anexat la Rusia \u021barist\u0103 (45.630 kilometri p\u0103tra\u021bi), care nu avea niciun argument sau drept (fie sub aspect etnic, istoric, geografic sau politic) asupra acestui p\u0103m\u00e2nt, denumit de c\u0103tre administra\u021bia \u021barist\u0103 \u2013 Basarabia, extinz\u00e2ndu-se, astfel, numele istoric, propriu doar p\u0103r\u021bii geografice din sudul Moldovei (dintre Dun\u0103re \u0219i Nistru).<\/p>\n

Soarta Principatelor Rom\u00e2ne \u00een acea perioad\u0103 hot\u0103r\u00e2toare a fost totalmente l\u0103sat\u0103 la discre\u021bia marilor puteri, care disputau spinoasa <\/strong>Chestiune Oriental\u0103<\/em>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

La 1812, Rusia, scind\u00e2nd Moldova \u0219i stabilind un hotar arbitrar pe Prut, genereaz\u0103 o nou\u0103 problem\u0103 interna\u021bional\u0103 \u2013 <\/strong>Problema Basarabiei<\/em>.<\/strong> \u00cen acest context, men\u021bion\u0103m c\u0103, net\u0103g\u0103duind imperialismul Fran\u021bei, Austriei \u0219i Marii Britanii fa\u021b\u0103 de Imperiul Otoman \u0219i statele supuse lui, nu putem omite c\u0103 rezultatele practice ale expansiunii \u021bariste \u00een bazinul pontic, \u00een a doua jum\u0103tate a secolului al XVIII-lea \u2013 \u00eenceputul secolului al XIX-lea, au fost destul de concludente: Crimeea, Caucazul, Moldova r\u0103s\u0103ritean\u0103 <\/em>(pe talvegul Prutului \u0219i cu gurile Dun\u0103rii<\/em>).<\/em> Iar \u00een cadrul r\u0103zboiului ruso-turc din 1806-1812, dup\u0103 cum s-a men\u021bionat: \u201eMoldova \u0219i \u021aara Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 au fost piese de \u0219ah ale unui joc diplomatic de mari propor\u021bii, \u00een care partener al \u00eemp\u0103ratului francez a fost Alexandru I, \u021barul Rusiei\u201d3. Din p\u0103cate, la \u00eenceputul secolului al XIX-lea am fost, \u00een rezultatul disputelor imperiilor vecine, Pioni<\/em>, \u0219i nu Piloni <\/em>ai raporturilor interna\u021bionale din sud-estul Europei.<\/p>\n

Spoliatorul tratat de pace de la Bucure\u0219ti, semnat la 16 (28) mai 1812, marcheaz\u0103 o concesie<\/em> (\u00eentr-o conjunctur\u0103 interna\u021bional\u0103 extrem de fr\u0103m\u00e2ntat\u0103) pe contul Moldovei, c\u00e2nd, \u00een cadrul crizei Problemei Orientale<\/em>, are loc geneza unei noi probleme \u2013 a celei Basarabene<\/em>. Consemn\u0103m c\u0103 esen\u021ba chestiunii date este de natur\u0103 politic\u0103 \u0219i rezult\u0103 din cucerirea \u0219i anexarea par\u021bial\u0103 a Moldovei, prin fixarea unui hotar arbitrar (scind\u00e2nd-o pe linia Prutului, practic, \u00een jum\u0103tate) \u0219i stabilirea Rusiei la gurile Dun\u0103rii, semnific\u00e2nd, astfel, geneza unei noi probleme etnopolitice interna\u021bionale. Dac\u0103 chestiunea rom\u00e2n\u0103<\/em>, ca problem\u0103 interna\u021bional\u0103, a semnificat, \u00een secolul al XIX-lea, imperativul unit\u0103\u021bii na\u021bionale, apoi cea basarabean\u0103<\/em> \u2013 rezid\u0103 \u00een scindarea na\u021bional-teritorial\u0103 a moldovenilor la 1812. \u201eAstfel ocuparea \u00een toate formele cerute de dreptul interna\u021bional a teritoriului cuprins \u00eentre Nistru, Prut \u0219i Dun\u0103re are pentru Rusia mai mult dec\u00e2t importan\u021ba unei simple cuceriri: prin aceasta ru\u0219ii c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 pozi\u021biuni, care domineaz\u0103 \u021b\u0103rile rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti \u0219i Dun\u0103rea, c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 Hotinul, de unde domineaz\u0103 intr\u0103rile dinspre miaz\u0103noapte ale Carpa\u021bilor, c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103 \u00een sf\u00e2r\u0219it o \u00eenr\u00e2urire mai direct\u0103 asupra poporului rom\u00e2n\u201d4.<\/p>\n

A\u0219a cum au scris istoricii contemporani, \u201edup\u0103 tratatul de cur\u00e2nd \u00eencheiat (1812) \u00eentre Poarta Otoman\u0103 \u0219i Rusia, toat\u0103 Basarabia cu cinci jude\u021be ale sale, adic\u0103 Soroca, Orheiul \u0219i L\u0103pu\u0219na, Hot\u0103rnice(n)ii, Codru, Grec(en)ii, \u0219i o parte din jude\u021bul Ia\u0219i, \u00eempreun\u0103 cu cet\u0103\u021bile Hotin \u0219i Bender, au trecut \u00een st\u0103p\u00e2nirea Imperiului Rusiei.<\/strong> De aceea Moldova a ajuns foarte mic\u0103, cuprinz\u00e2nd numai 16 jude\u021be \u0219i desp\u0103r\u021bindu-se dinspre r\u0103s\u0103rit de Basarabia prin r\u00e2ul Prut\u201d5. Iar acel nivel de dezvoltare socio-economic\u0103, pe care \u021aara Moldovei l-a \u00eenregistrat p\u00e2n\u0103 la declan\u0219area r\u0103zboiului ruso-turc, \u00een noiembrie 1806, a putut fi atins din nou, din cauza amput\u0103rii teritoriale (pierderii Moldovei dintre Prut \u0219i Nistru, adic\u0103 a 48% din teritoriu) \u0219i drept consecin\u021b\u0103 a ocupa\u021biei militare ruse\u0219ti din anii 1806-1812, abia \u00een anii \u201930 ai secolului al XIX-lea.<\/p>\n

Tratatul de pace (inclusiv dou\u0103 articole secrete) a fost ratificat de c\u0103tre Alexandru I la 11 (23) iunie 1812 (mar\u021bi), \u00een ora\u0219ul Wilno (din 1795 p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1915 ora\u0219ul Vilnius a fost inclus \u00een componen\u021ba Imperiului Rus).<\/strong> \u201e\u0422\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u044f\u043a\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u043c \u0437\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c, \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0432 \u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043c\u043e. \u0412\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u044b \u0441\u0438\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0412\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435 \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044f 11 \u0434\u043d\u044f 1812 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e.\u201d<\/em>6.<\/em><\/p>\n

Iar schimbul actelor de ratificare s-a produs la Bucure\u0219ti, la 2 (14) iulie (sultanul Mahmud II refuz\u00e2nd s\u0103 ratifice cele dou\u0103 articole din partea secret\u0103 a tratatului). Din ziua c\u00e2nd tratatul a fost ratificat \u2013 a demarat <\/strong>de jure <\/em>\u2013 procesul instaur\u0103rii domina\u021biei \u021bariste \u0219i a stabilirii noului hotar \u2013 pe r\u00e2ul Prut, ce a sf\u00e2\u0219iat Moldova timp de mai bine de un secol.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00centr-un sf\u00e2r\u0219it, Imperiul Otoman, ajung\u00e2nd \u00een starea \u201eomului bolnav al Europei\u201d, a disp\u0103rut de pe harta lumii la 1922 (s-ar fi dezintegrat cu mult timp \u00eenaintea acestui moment tardiv, dac\u0103 puterile occidentale nu l-ar fi men\u021binut \u00een via\u021b\u0103 \u00een mod artificial, cu scopul de a avea o for\u021b\u0103 de contrapondere contra Rusiei), iar Imperiul Rusiei \u0219i-a sf\u00e2r\u0219it existen\u021ba \u00een februarie 1917.<\/p>\n

Reamintim c\u0103, imediat dup\u0103 lovitura de stat din octombrie 1917 (revolu\u021bia bol\u0219evic\u0103), guvernul sovietic a renun\u021bat la toate tratatele inegale, \u00eencheiate de Rusia \u021barist\u0103, \u0219i a respins acordurile secrete anexioniste cu participarea sa, d\u00e2ndu-le publicit\u0103\u021bii. Adopt\u00e2nd \u201eDecretul despre Pace<\/strong>\u201d, la cel de-al II-lea Congres al Sovietelor din Rusia din 26 octombrie 1917, guvernul sovietic a proclamat denun\u021barea necondi\u021bionat\u0103 \u0219i imediat\u0103 a tuturor tratatelor secrete7. \u00cen apelul c\u0103tre muncitorii musulmani din Rusia \u0219i Orient, din 20 noiembrie 1917, Rusia Sovietic\u0103, declar\u00e2nd deschis dorin\u021ba \u201es\u0103 ajute popoarele oprimate din \u00eentreaga lume s\u0103-\u0219i dob\u00e2ndeasc\u0103 libertatea\u201d, a men\u021bionat c\u0103 anuleaz\u0103 tratatele vechi, \u00een special Tratatul privind cucerirea Constantinopolului, \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea Persiei (Iranului) \u0219i Turciei8.<\/p>\n

Era de a\u0219teptat ca aceste dou\u0103 documente istorice s\u0103 stabileasc\u0103 principiile unei politici externe \u201edemocratice\u201d a guvernului sovietic (fiind respinse necondi\u021bionat toate tratatele inegale, \u00eencheiate de c\u0103tre Rusia \u021barist\u0103).<\/p>\n

Pozi\u021bia statului sovietic din acea perioad\u0103, \u00een problema tratatelor \u021bariste, \u0219i-a g\u0103sit reflectarea \u00een \u00eencheierea unor noi tratate cu \u021b\u0103rile din Orient. Succesorii imperiilor \u021aarist \u0219i Otoman \u2013 R.S.F.S. Rus\u0103 \u0219i Marea Adunare Na\u021bional\u0103 a Turciei \u2013 au semnat la Moscova, la 16 martie 1921, Tratatul ruso-turc<\/strong> de \u201eprietenie \u0219i fr\u0103\u021bie\u201d. Tratatul includea 16 articole \u0219i 4 anexe, fiind semnat din partea R.S.F.S.R. de c\u0103tre Gh. V. Cicerin, Comisarul poporului pentru afaceri externe, \u0219i Jalal ad-Din Korkmasov, iar din partea Turciei de c\u0103tre Yusuf Kemal-bey, Riza Nur \u0219i Ali Fuad-pa\u0219a. Tratatul a fost ratificat de V\u021aIK (\u0412\u0426\u0418\u041a) pe 20 iulie 1921 \u0219i de Marea Adunare Na\u021bional\u0103 a Turciei (MANT) la 31 iulie 1921. Schimbul instrumentelor de ratificare s-a f\u0103cut pe 22 septembrie 1921 la Kars9. Este important, din punct de vedere al dreptului interna\u021bional, c\u0103 Tratatul de la Moscova consemnase, \u00een articolul VI, c\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bile contractante consider\u0103 toate tratatele precedente<\/strong>, semnate de Imperiile Otoman \u0219i cel \u021aarist, ca fiind anulate<\/strong>, acestea pierz\u00e2ndu-\u0219i puterea juridic\u0103<\/strong> (\u201e\u041e\u0431\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u044e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c\u201d)10.<\/p>\n

Astfel, tratatul sovieto-turc din 16 martie 1921 a stipulat p\u0103r\u021bilor semnatare s\u0103 nu recunoasc\u0103 niciun tratat de pace sau alte acte interna\u021bionale, \u00een cazul \u00een care ar fi impuse cu for\u021ba s\u0103 adere una dintre p\u0103r\u021bi (articolul 1), anul\u00e2ndu-se tratatele inegale ale guvernului \u021barist cu Turcia (articolul 6), fiind declarate nule orice fel de ac\u021biuni \u0219i drepturi referitoare la regimul stabilit de aceste tratate (articolul 7)<\/strong>11.<\/strong><\/p>\n

A trebuit s\u0103 treac\u0103 mai bine de un secol, pentru ca Rusia (deja cea sovietic\u0103) s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103 oficial nulitatea consecin\u021belor P\u0103cii de la Bucure\u0219ti din 1812, iar poporul rom\u00e2n al Basarabiei s\u0103-\u0219i decid\u0103 de sine st\u0103t\u0103tor destinul prin Actul Unirii din 27 martie 1918, rezolv\u00e2nd echitabil Problema basarabean\u0103.<\/em> Pentru diploma\u021bia noastr\u0103 r\u0103m\u00e2ne remarcabil \u201eR\u0103spunsul guvernului rom\u00e2n la nota guvernului ucrainean din 5 mai, trimis din Ia\u0219i, la 19 iunie 1919\u201d, care preciza c\u0103: \u201eDin punct de vedere geografic, etnografic, istoric, a\u0219a-zisa provincie a Basarabiei a fost deci din toate vremurile un p\u0103m\u00e2nt rom\u00e2nesc \u0219i a constituit o parte integrant\u0103 \u0219i indivizibil\u0103 a Principatului Moldovei\u201d12.<\/p>\n

* * *<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cen prezent, este foarte simbolic s\u0103 revenim <\/strong>ad initio<\/em> acolo, de unde am pornit: la Wilno, Vilnius<\/strong>13. C\u0103ci pasul nostru decisiv spre apropierea-aderarea la UE este, \u00een fond, revenirea \u00eent\u00e2rziat\u0103 \u00een s\u00e2nul civiliza\u021biei tradi\u021bionale \u2013 europene, ce nu poate fi calificat\u0103 doar ca un \u201epremiu real\u201d sau ipotetic, ci ca o legitim\u0103 restabilire a unei situa\u021bii geopolitice, de\u0219i par\u021biale, rectific\u00e2ndu-se urm\u0103rile nefastului <\/strong>Act din 1812<\/em>, ce a fost ratificat la Wilno (Vilnius) cu 202 ani \u00een urm\u0103\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Note<\/strong><\/p>\n

1\u00a0http:\/\/www.economist.com\/blogs\/easternapproaches\/2013\/11\/moldova (accesat la 28.05.2014)<\/p>\n

2\u00a0Vlad Mischevca, Anul 1812: Dou\u0103 secole de la anexarea Basarabiei de c\u0103tre Imperiul Rusiei<\/em>, Chi\u0219in\u0103u, 2012, 142 p.<\/p>\n

3\u00a0Sergiu Columbeanu, Contribu\u021bii privind situa\u021bia interna\u021bional\u0103 a \u021a\u0103rilor Rom\u00e2ne \u00eentre anii 1806-1812<\/em>, \u00een \u201eRevista de istorie\u201d, Tom. 29, 1976, nr. 5, p. 657.<\/p>\n

4\u00a0Mihai Eminescu, \u00centre Scylla \u0219i Charybda. Opera politic\u0103<\/em>, ed. a 2-a, Editura Litera Interna\u021bional, Chi\u0219in\u0103u, 2008, p. 215.<\/p>\n

5\u00a0Dionisie Fotino, Istoria general\u0103 a Daciei sau a Transilvaniei, \u021a\u0103rii Muntene\u0219ti \u0219i a Moldovei<\/em>, trad. din grece\u0219te de George Sion, Editura Valahia, Bucure\u0219ti, 2008, p. 729.<\/p>\n

6\u00a0\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438<\/em>, \u0442.\u00a0XXXII, \u0441\u0442\u0440. 316-322, \u2116 25110.<\/p>\n

7\u00a0Cf.: \u041d. \u0412. \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u041e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d<\/em> \/\/ \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0435\u0436\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430<\/em>, 1962, \u0418\u0437\u0434. \u0410\u041d \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1963, \u0441. 134; \u0420. \u0410. \u0422\u0443\u0437\u043c\u0443\u0445\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u041c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438. \u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430<\/em>, \u0418\u0437\u0434. \u0418\u041c\u041e, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1959.<\/p>\n

8\u00a0\u0414\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420<\/em>, \u0442. I, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1957, \u0441. 34-35.<\/p>\n

9\u00a0\u0414\u0438\u043f\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044c<\/em>,\u0442. III. \u0421-\u042f, \u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1986, \u0441. 312-313; \u0414\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420<\/em>, \u0442. III, \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1959, c. 597-604.<\/p>\n

10\u00a0http:\/\/www.genocide.ru\/lib\/treaties\/19.htm (ultima accesare 28.05.2014)<\/p>\n

11\u00a0\u0414\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420<\/em>, \u0442. III, \u0413\u043e\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442, M\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430, 1959, \u0441. 597-604.<\/p>\n

12\u00a0Ion Agrigoroaiei, Basarabia \u00een acte diplomatice: 1711-1947<\/em>, Ia\u0219i, 2012, p. 9.<\/p>\n

13\u00a0De consemnat c\u0103, la 16 decembrie 1554, tot la Wilno (pe atunci Polonia), actualul Vilnius (capitala Lituaniei), a fost parafat \u201eTratatul de alian\u021b\u0103 \u0219i de pace etern\u0103\u201d \u00eentre Alexandru L\u0103pu\u0219neanu, domnul Moldovei, \u0219i Sigismund al II-lea August, regele Poloniei<\/p>\n

Tratatul ruso-turc din 16 martie 1921 traducere aproximativ\u0103 din\u00a0limba rus\u0103. (Original \u00een rus\u0103 mai jos)<\/strong><\/p>\n

TRATATE \u00a0CRUCIALE \u00a01813-1997<\/strong>
\n19. Acordul dintre Rusia \u0219i Turcia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Moscova. 16 martie 1921<\/strong><\/p>\n

Guvernul rus Republicii Socialiste Federativ\u0103 Sovietic\u0103 Rus\u0103 \u0219i Guvernul Adun\u0103rii Na\u021bionale a Turciei, \u00een baza principiilor fraternit\u0103\u021bii na\u021biunilor \u0219i dreptul popoarelor la autodeterminare, observ\u00e2nd diferen\u021bele dintre ele de solidaritate \u00een lupta \u00eempotriva imperialismului, precum \u0219i faptul c\u0103 tot felul de dificult\u0103\u021bi create pentru una dintre cele dou\u0103 popoare, agrava situa\u021bia celuilalt. \u0218i inspir\u0103 \u00een totalitate dorin\u021ba de a stabili \u00eentre ele rela\u021bii constante \u0219i cordiale prietenie incasabil bazat pe interese reciproce ambelor p\u0103r\u021bi, au decis s\u0103 \u00eencheie un tratat de prietenie \u0219i fraternitate \u0219i numit ca plenipoten\u021biari pentru acest lucru:<\/p>\n

Guvernul rus Republica Socialist\u0103 Federativ\u0103 Sovietic\u0103:<\/p>\n

Gheorghi Cicerin, comisarul Poporului pentru Afaceri Externe \u0219i un membru al Comitetului Executiv Central All-rus, \u0219i Jalal-Eddin Korkmasova, un membru al-ruse Toate Comitetului Executiv Central, \u0219i<\/p>\n

Guvernul Adun\u0103rii Na\u021bionale a Turciei:<\/p>\n

Yusuf Kemal Bey, comisarul Poporului a economiei na\u021bionale a Marii Adun\u0103ri Na\u021bionale a Turciei, un membru al Kastamonu \u00een aceea\u0219i \u0219edin\u021b\u0103, dr Riza Nur Bey, comisarul Poporului pentru Educa\u021bie a Marii Adun\u0103ri Na\u021bionale a Turciei, un membru al Sinop \u00een acela\u0219i ansamblu \u0219i Ali Fuad Pa\u0219a, de Urgen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i Plenipoten\u021biar al Adun\u0103rii Na\u021bionale a Turciei, membri ai Angora \u00een Marea Adunare Na\u021bional\u0103,<\/p>\n

Care, dup\u0103 schimbul de depline puteri, g\u0103site \u00een bun\u0103 \u0219i cuvenit\u0103 form\u0103, au convenit dup\u0103 cum urmeaz\u0103:<\/p>\n

Articolul I<\/p>\n

Fiecare parte contractant\u0103 este de acord, \u00een principiu, nu recunoa\u0219te nici tratat de pace sau a altor instrumente interna\u021bionale, a c\u0103rui adoptare este impus\u0103 asupra celeilalte p\u0103r\u021bi contractante. Guvernul rus Republica Socialist\u0103 Federativ\u0103 Sovietic\u0103 este de acord s\u0103 nu recunoasc\u0103 nici un act interna\u021bional cu privire la Turcia, care nu a fost recunoscut\u0103 de c\u0103tre guvernul na\u021bional de Turcia, a prezentat astazi de Marea Adunare Na\u021bional\u0103.<\/p>\n

No\u021biunea de Turcia \u00een prezentul contract, pe teritoriile incluse \u00een Pactul Na\u021bional turc de 28 ianuarie de 1920 (1336) de ani, a dezvoltat \u0219i a proclamat de Camera Deputa\u021bilor \u00een Constantinopol otoman\u0103 \u0219i comunicate de pres\u0103 \u0219i a tuturor statelor.<\/p>\n

Grani\u021ba de nord-est a Turciei este definit de: o linie care \u00eencepe de la satul de Sarp de la Marea Neagr\u0103, trece prin munte Hedismta, linia mun\u021bilor bazinelor hidrografice Shavsheti Mountain Cannes-Dag, urmeaz\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna la grani\u021ba administrativ\u0103 de nord a Ardahan \u0219i Kars sangeacuri \u2013 talvegul r\u00e2ului Arpa -TEA \u0219i Aras la gura Karasu de Jos (descrierea detaliat\u0103 a limitelor \u0219i problemele legate de acesta sunt definite \u00een anexa I (A) \u0219i pe harta de insotire, semnat de ambele p\u0103r\u021bi contractante).<\/p>\n

Articolul II<\/p>\n

Turcia este de acord s\u0103 cedeze \u00een Georgia suzeranitatea peste portul Batumi \u0219i teritoriul de la nord de grani\u021ba men\u021bionat\u0103 \u00een primul articol din prezentul tratat, care a f\u0103cut parte din Districtul Batumi, cu condi\u021bia ca<\/p>\n

1) Popula\u021bia teritoriilor men\u021bionate \u00een prezentul articol, se vor bucura de o autonomie administrativ\u0103 local\u0103 larg, ca fiecare comunitate drepturile culturale \u0219i religioase, iar publicul va fi \u00een m\u0103sur\u0103 s\u0103 stabileasc\u0103 legea din \u021bara corespunz\u0103toare dorin\u021belor sale.<\/p>\n

2) Turcia vor fi oferite tranzitul liber al tuturor bunurilor. trimis \u00een Turcia sau din ea, prin portul Batumi, f\u0103r\u0103 taxe vamale, comise f\u0103r\u0103 nici o \u00eent\u00e2rziere \u0219i f\u0103r\u0103 a impune-le ce altceva taxe, cu furnizarea de dreptul de a utiliza portul turc de Batumi, f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103rcare pentru taxele speciale.<\/p>\n

Articolul III<\/p>\n

Cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi contractante convin ca regiunea Nahicevan \u00een limitele specificate \u00een anexa I (C) din tratat, constituie un teritoriu autonom sub protec\u021bia Azerbaidjan, cu condi\u021bia ca Azerbaidjanul nu va ceda acest protectorat unui stat ter\u021b.<\/p>\n

\u00cen imaginea zonei triunghi teritoriului Nakhichevan \u00eenchis \u00een partea de est \u00eentre talvegul Arax, \u00een vest de o linie care trece prin muntii Dagny (3829) \u2013 Velidag (4121) \u2013 Bagarzik (6587) \u2013 Mountain Kemurlyu Dagh (6930), linia de separa\u021bie a teritoriului a declarat, pornind de la munte Kemurlyu Dagh (6930), care trece prin muntele Serai Bulak (8071) \u2013 sta\u021bie Ararat \u0219i se termin\u0103 la intersec\u021bia cu Karasu Araks, va fi stabilit\u0103 de c\u0103tre Comisie, format din delega\u021bi din Turcia, Azerbaidjan \u0219i Armenia.<\/p>\n

Articolul IV<\/p>\n

Cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi contractante, men\u021bion\u00e2nd contactul dintre mi\u0219carea na\u021bional\u0103 \u0219i de eliberare a popoarelor din Est \u0219i lupta oamenilor muncii din Rusia pentru o nou\u0103 ordine social\u0103, recunosc implicit dreptul acestor popoare la libertate \u0219i independen\u021b\u0103, precum \u0219i la fel de dreptul lor de a alege forma de guvernare, \u00een func\u021bie de dorin\u021bele lor.<\/p>\n

Articolul V<\/p>\n

Pentru a asigura deschiderea Str\u00e2mtorilor \u0219i trecerea liber\u0103 a navelor comerciale din toate neamurile, ambele p\u0103r\u021bi contractante sunt de acord s\u0103 prezinte elaborarea definitiv\u0103 a statutului interna\u021bional al M\u0103rii Negre \u0219i Str\u00e2mtoarea Conferin\u021ba viitoare delega\u021bii statelor de coast\u0103, cu condi\u021bia c\u0103, dac\u0103 deciziile nu au ajuns atenteze la suveranitatea Turciei, precum \u0219i securitatea Turciei \u0219i capitalul s\u0103u de la Constantinopol.<\/p>\n

Articolul VI<\/p>\n

Cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi contractante recunosc c\u0103 toate tratatele \u00eencheiate p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een prezent \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 \u021b\u0103ri nu corespunde intereselor reciproce. Prin urmare, sunt de acord s\u0103 recunoasc\u0103 aceste contracte reziliate \u0219i neavenite.<\/p>\n

Guvernul rus Republica Socialist\u0103 Federativ\u0103 Sovietic\u0103 declar\u0103, \u00een special, pe care le consider\u0103 Turcia s\u0103-l elibereze de bani sau alte obliga\u021bii \u00een baza instrumentelor interna\u021bionale \u00eencheiate anterior \u00eentre Turcia \u0219i guvernul \u021barist.<\/p>\n

Articolul VII<\/p>\n

Guvernul rus Republica Socialist\u0103 Federativ\u0103 Sovietic\u0103, recunosc\u00e2nd capitula\u021biile incompatibile cu dezvoltarea na\u021bional\u0103 liber\u0103 a tuturor \u021b\u0103rilor, precum \u0219i punerea \u00een aplicare deplin\u0103 a drepturilor sale suverane, considera ca nul \u0219i pune cap\u0103t drepturile \u0219i ac\u021biunile care au nici o leg\u0103tur\u0103 cu acest regim.<\/p>\n

Articolul VIII<\/p>\n

Cele dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi contractante se angajeaz\u0103 pentru a preveni formarea sau prezen\u021ba pe teritoriul s\u0103u a organiza\u021biilor sau grupurilor care solicit\u0103 rolul guvernului de o alt\u0103 \u021bar\u0103, sau o parte a teritoriului s\u0103u, precum \u0219i grupurile de gazd\u0103 cu scopul de a lupta \u00eempotriva unui alt stat. Rusia \u0219i Turcia \u00ee\u0219i asum\u0103 aceea\u0219i obliga\u021bie \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te republici sovietice din Caucaz, cu condi\u021bia de reciprocitate.<\/p>\n

Se \u00een\u021belege clar c\u0103 pe teritoriul turc men\u021bionat mai sus \u00een prezentul articol este teritoriul aflat sub administra\u021bia civil\u0103 \u0219i militar\u0103 direct\u0103 a Guvernului Adun\u0103rii Na\u021bionale a Turciei.<\/p>\n

Articolul IX<\/p>\n

Pentru a asigura continuitatea rela\u021biilor dintre cele dou\u0103 \u021b\u0103ri, p\u0103r\u021bile contractante se angajeaz\u0103 s\u0103 adopte, de comun acord toate m\u0103surile necesare pentru a men\u021bine \u0219i de a dezvolta c\u00e2t mai repede posibil de cale ferat\u0103, telegraf \u0219i alte mijloace de comunicare, precum \u0219i pentru a asigura libera circula\u021bie a persoanelor \u0219i bunurilor \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 \u021b\u0103ri, f\u0103r\u0103 nici o \u00eent\u00e2rzieri.<\/p>\n

Cu toate acestea, este recunoscut faptul c\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te mi\u0219carea, intrarea \u0219i plecarea de c\u0103l\u0103tori \u0219i m\u0103rfuri vor fi aplicate pe deplin stabilit \u00een fiecare \u021bar\u0103, \u00een acest sens normele.<\/p>\n

Articolul X<\/p>\n

Resortisan\u021bii ambelor p\u0103r\u021bi contractante pe teritoriul de alt\u0103 parte, vor fi supuse toate drepturile \u0219i obliga\u021biile care decurg din legisla\u021bia \u021b\u0103rii \u00een care \u00ee\u0219i au re\u0219edin\u021ba, cu excep\u021bia celor referitoare la ap\u0103rarea na\u021bional\u0103, la care vor fi eliberate.<\/p>\n

Aspecte legate de dreptul familiei, drepturi de mo\u0219tenire \u0219i de capacitatea cet\u0103\u021benilor de pe ambele maluri sunt, de asemenea, exceptate de la prevederile prezentului articol. Acestea vor fi solu\u021bionate printr-un acord special.<\/p>\n

Articolul XI<\/p>\n

Ambele p\u0103r\u021bi contractante convin s\u0103 aplice principiul tratamentului na\u021biunii celei mai favorizate pentru resortisan\u021bii fiec\u0103rei p\u0103r\u021bi contractante care au re\u0219edin\u021ba pe teritoriul celeilalte p\u0103r\u021bi.<\/p>\n

Acest articol nu se aplic\u0103 drepturilor cet\u0103\u021benilor Uniunii Republicilor Sovietice din Rusia, precum \u0219i a drepturilor statelor musulmane aliate cu Turcia.<\/p>\n

Articolul XII<\/p>\n

Fiecare rezident al teritoriului care a fost p\u00e2n\u0103 \u00een 1918 o parte din Rusia, ceea ce este guvernul rus Republica Socialist\u0103 Federativ\u0103 Sovietic\u0103 recunoa\u0219te care este acum sub suveranitatea Turciei \u00een prezentul tratat, are dreptul de a p\u0103r\u0103si Turcia liber, lu\u00e2nd cu ei bunurile lor \u0219i a bunurilor lor sau costul lor. Acela\u0219i drept se extinde la locuitorii din teritoriul Batumi, pe suzeranitatea Turciei, \u00een care prezentul acord ofer\u0103 Georgia.<\/p>\n

Articolul XIII<\/p>\n

Rusia este de acord s\u0103 fie repatria\u021bi \u00een Turcia, pe cheltuiala proprie p\u00e2n\u0103 la grani\u021ba de nord-est a Turciei, \u00een termen de 3 luni pentru Rusia european\u0103 \u0219i Caucaz, precum \u0219i termenul de 6 luni pentru partea asiatic\u0103 a Rusiei, de la data semn\u0103rii prezentului acord, to\u021bi prizonierii de r\u0103zboi \u0219i prizonierilor civile ale turcilor, se afl\u0103 \u00een Rusia.<\/p>\n

Turcia \u00ee\u0219i asum\u0103 acela\u0219i angajament de a prizonierilor de r\u0103zboi ru\u0219i \u0219i prizonierilor civili care sunt \u00eenc\u0103 \u00een Turcia.<\/p>\n

Detalii despre acest repatriere vor fi instalate o conven\u021bie special\u0103, care ar trebui dezvoltat imediat dup\u0103 semnarea acestui acord.<\/p>\n

Articolul XIV<\/p>\n

Ambele p\u0103r\u021bi contractante convin, \u00een viitorul apropiat s\u0103 \u00eencheie o conven\u021bie consular\u0103, precum \u0219i un acord care reglementeaz\u0103 toate aspectele economice, financiare \u0219i de alt\u0103 natur\u0103 necesare pentru a stabili \u00eentre cele dou\u0103 \u021b\u0103ri a rela\u021biilor de prietenie men\u021bionate \u00een introducerea la prezentul regulament.<\/p>\n

Articolul XV<\/p>\n

Rusia este de acord s\u0103 ia \u00een raport cu republicile transcaucaziene m\u0103surile necesare pentru recunoa\u0219terea obligatorie a acestor republici \u00een contractele care urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 fie \u00eencheiate de ace\u0219tia cu Turcia, articolele din tratat care \u00eei privesc \u00een mod direct.<\/p>\n

Articolul XVI<\/p>\n

Prezentul acord este supus ratific\u0103rii. Schimbul instrumentelor de ratificare va avea loc \u00een Kars \u00een cel mai scurt timp posibil.<\/p>\n

Prezentul tratat intr\u0103 \u00een vigoare la data schimbului instrumentelor de ratificare, cu excep\u021bia st.XIII.<\/p>\n

\u00cen martor de mai sus plenipoten\u021biari men\u021bionate mai sus au semnat prezentul acord \u0219i aplicat sigiliile lor.<\/p>\n

Adoptat\u0103 \u00een 2 exemplare din Moscova martie XVI 1920-primul an (a \u0219aptea mii trei sute treizeci).<\/p>\n

Gheorghi Cicerin Yusuf Kemal
\nJalal Korkmasov Dr. Riza Nur
\nAli Fuad<\/p>\n

ANEXA I (A)<\/p>\n

Grani\u021ba de nord-est a Turciei se afl\u0103 \u00een modul urm\u0103tor (\u00een func\u021bie de harta General Major rus, scara 1 \/ 210000-5 mile la inch):<\/p>\n

Satul Sarp de la Marea Neagr\u0103 \u2013 Goran Karan shalwar (5014) \u2013 Chorokh traverseaz\u0103 partea de nord a satului B. Maradidn \u2013 trece la nord de satul Sabaur Hedismta Mountain (7052) \u2013 Muntele Kvakibe \u2013 pentru kavtareti sat \u2013 linia de demarca\u021bie Medzibna munte \u2013 Muntele Herat-kesun ( 6468) \u2013 pe linia bazinelor hidrografice a muntelui. Korda (7910) \u2013 a publicat pe creasta de vest Shavsheti la fosta grani\u021b\u0103 administrativ\u0103 a fostului regiunii Artvin \u2013 care trece prin mun\u021bi bazinelor hidrografice Shavsheti merge la Muntele r\u00e2ului Sar\u0131\u00e7ay (Kara Isale) (8478) \u2013 Pass Kviralsky \u2013 acolo se duce la fosta grani\u021b\u0103 administrativ\u0103 a fostului cartier Ardahan la Mount Cannes-Dag \u2013 out, spre nord la munte Tlili (Grmany) (8357) \u2013 ca urmare a fost grani\u021ba de Ardahan, merge la nord-est de satul Badel, r\u00e2ului ceai Posch \u0219i urmeaz\u0103 r\u00e2ul spre sud la nord punct Village Cianci, las\u0103 r\u00e2u \u0219i de mers pe jos de-a lungul bazinelor hidrografice, intr\u0103 \u00een muntele Ayrilyan-Bashi (8512) \u2013 trece prin mun\u021bi Kelly tapa (8463) \u0219i Harman-Tapa (9709) \u2013 a ajuns la munte Kasris seria (9681) \u2013 aici urmeaz\u0103 r\u00e2u Karzai-Meth-ceai de r\u00e2ul Kura \u2013 exist\u0103 talvegul r\u00e2ului Kura la un punct la est de sat Kartanakev, care pleac\u0103 de la r\u00e2ul Kura, care trece prin bazinul de pe Muntele Kara-Oglu (7259) \u2013 de acolo, \u00eemp\u0103r\u021birea \u00een dou\u0103 p\u0103r\u021bi lacului Hazapin merge la o \u00een\u0103l\u021bime de 7580, \u0219i de acolo la muntele Gekdag (9152) \u2013 Uch-Tapalyar (9783) \u2013 Taya-Kala (9716) \u2013 primele 9065, care las\u0103 fostul frontiera de district Ardahan \u0219i trece prin mun\u021bii din Bol. Oh Baba (9973) \u2013 8828 (8827) \u2013 7602 \u2013 trecerea la est de satul Ibish, ajunge la o \u00een\u0103l\u021bime de 7518 \u0219i apoi la Muntele Kizil-das (7439) (7490) \u2013 das Village New Dogwood (Knzil DAS) \u2013 trecerea la vest de Kara-Mamed, are vedere la r\u00e2u Dzhamushbu ceai (situat la est de satele Delaware, \u0219i B. Kmly Tihnis) \u2013 prin sate \u0219i Vartanly Bash Shuragel, dup\u0103 r\u00e2ul a spus, la r\u00e2u Arpa Chai la nord Cala \u2013 acolo, \u00een urma de-a lungul talvegul Arpa-Chai, merge la r\u00e2u. Arak \u2013 urmeaz\u0103 talvegul Araks la confluen\u021ba Karasu de Jos.<\/p>\n

(NB. Desigur, limita ar trebui s\u0103 fie de-a lungul liniilor de bazinele de altitudinile mai sus).<\/p>\n

Gheorghi Cicerin Yusuf Kemal
\nJalal Korkmasov Dr. Riza Nur
\nAli Fuad<\/p>\n

ANEXA I (B)<\/p>\n

Av\u00e2nd \u00een vedere faptul c\u0103 linia de frontier\u0103, astfel cum se specific\u0103 \u00een anexa I (A) sunt thalwegs r\u00e2uri Arpa Chai \u0219i Araxes, Guvernul Marii Adun\u0103ri Na\u021bionale se angajeaz\u0103 blocuri de resort otdvinut la o distan\u021b\u0103 de opt kilometri de cale ferat\u0103 Alexandropol -Erivan prezent \u00een Inscriptie sa district ARPA-Chai \u0219i la o distan\u021b\u0103 de patru mile de la linia de cale ferat\u0103 men\u021bionate mai sus aproape de Aras. Liniile care \u00eenconjoar\u0103 domeniile de mai sus sunt enumerate mai jos pentru zona Arpa-chai la punctele A \u0219i sec\u021biunea B I \u0219i zona Araks \u00een sec\u021biunea II.<\/p>\n

I. Zona Arpa-chai<\/p>\n

A) la sud-est de Vartanly \u2013 la est de Uzun Kilis \u2013 prin munte Bozyar (5096) \u2013 5082-5047 \u2013 la est de Karmir Vank \u2013 Uch-tapa (5578) \u2013 la est de Araz-Oglu la est de Ani \u2013 ajunge Arpa Chai la vest de ENIC.<\/p>\n

B) Frunze Arpa Chai la est de eleva\u021bie 5019 \u2013 merge direct la \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea 5481-4? mile est de K\u0131z\u0131lkule \u2013 aproximativ o mil\u0103 est de Bodzhaly \u2013 atunci r\u00e2u ceai Digor \u2013 urmeaz\u0103 de-a lungul acestui fluviu \u00een satul Duz-Kechut merge direct la nord de ruinele Qarabagh, cu vedere la Arpa-Chai.<\/p>\n

II.Zona Araks<\/p>\n

O linie dreapt\u0103 \u00eentre sat Kharaba Alican \u0219i Suleiman (Diza).<\/p>\n

\u00cen zonele marginita pe o parte a liniei de cale ferat\u0103 Alexandroupolis \u2013 Erivan \u0219i \u2013 pe de alt\u0103 parte linii, situat la o distanta de opt \u0219i patru mile de deasupra liniei de cale ferat\u0103, Marea Adunare Na\u021bional\u0103 nu se angajeaz\u0103 s\u0103 construiasc\u0103 orice fel au fost fortificatii (distan\u021ba linia Acesta se afl\u0103 \u00een afara zonelor de mai sus) \u0219i nu le includ \u00een for\u021bele obi\u0219nuite. Cu toate acestea, acesta \u00ee\u0219i p\u0103streaz\u0103 dreptul de a avea zonele de trupele necesare pentru a men\u021bine ordinea, securitatea \u0219i nevoile administrative men\u021bionate mai sus.<\/p>\n

Gheorghi Cicerin Yusuf Kemal
\nJalal Korkmasov Dr. Riza Nur
\nAli Faud<\/p>\n

ANEXA I (C)<\/p>\n

Teritoriul Nakhichevan<\/p>\n

Sta\u021bia de Ararat Mountain Barn-Bulag (8071) \u2013 Kemurlyu Dagh (6839) (6930) \u2013 3080, Sayat Dagh (7868) \u2013 Sat Kurt Coulagot (Kurten-Coulagot) \u2013 Gamesur Dagh (8160) \u2013 \u00een\u0103l\u021bimea de 8022 \u2013 Kyuki-Dag (10,282) \u0219i de Est, fosta grani\u021b\u0103 administrativ\u0103 a Nakhchivan County.<\/p>\n

Gheorghi Cicerin Yusuf Kemal
\nJalal Korkmasov Dr. Riza Nur
\nAli Faud<\/p>\n

Arhive. pe arcada. Publ. \u00een \u201eAdunarea legalizare \u2026\u201d \u2116 73 12 decembrie, 1921 pp. 731-735.<\/p>\n

Acordul ratificat de c\u0103tre Comitetul Executiv Central 20.07.1921,
\nAdunare Na\u021bional\u0103 a Turciei \u2013 7.31.1921.
\nSchimbul de ratific\u0103ri a avut loc
\n09.22.1921 \u00een Kars.<\/p>\n

Documente de politic\u0103 extern\u0103 sovietic\u0103, M. anul 1959. 597-604<\/p>\n

Tratatul ruso-turc din 16 martie 1921 \u00een limba rus\u0103.<\/strong><\/p>\n

De pe site-ul www.genocide.ru<\/p>\n

(Original)<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0423\u0414\u042c\u0411\u041e\u041d\u041e\u0421\u041d\u042b\u0415 \u0414\u041e\u0413\u041e\u0412\u041e\u0420\u0410 1813-1997\u0433\u0433.<\/p>\n

19. \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439<\/p>\n

\u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0430. 16 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 1921 \u0433.<\/p>\n

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\u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u044f \u0427\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0438 \u0414\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b-\u042d\u0434\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0426\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0430, \u0438<\/p>\n

\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438:<\/p>\n

\u042e\u0441\u0443\u0444 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c-\u0431\u0435\u044f, \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0425\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0420\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u041d\u0443\u0440-\u0431\u0435\u044f, \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0421\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0438 \u0424\u0443\u0430\u0434-\u043f\u0430\u0448\u0443, \u0427\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0432\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u043d\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043c \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438,<\/p>\n

\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435, \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043e \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c:<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f I<\/p>\n

\u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u0441\u0438\u043b\u043e\u044e \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043c \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n

\u041f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u043a\u0442 \u043e\u0442 28 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 1920 (1336) \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041e\u0442\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u041f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0414\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0435 \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f: \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u0443 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u043f, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0425\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0442\u0430, \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0428\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0442-\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u041a\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b-\u0434\u0430\u0433, \u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0435\u0433\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043a \u0410\u0440\u043f\u0430-\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441 \u0434\u043e \u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f \u041d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0443 (\u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043a \u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 I (\u0410) \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438).<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f II<\/p>\n

\u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u044e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0411\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0411\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e<\/p>\n

1) \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439, \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u043d\u0435 \u0435\u0435 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d, \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c.<\/p>\n

2) \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0411\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0448\u043b\u0438\u043d\u043d\u043e, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0443\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043a \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0411\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0432\u0437\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f III<\/p>\n

\u041e\u0431\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445, \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 I (\u0421) \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443.<\/p>\n

\u0412 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0443\u0433\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u041d\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0435\u0433\u043e\u043c \u0410\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430, \u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0414\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0430 (3829) \u2013 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0433 (4121) \u2013 \u0411\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0437\u0438\u043a (6587) \u2013 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u043b\u044e-\u0434\u0430\u0433 (6930), \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u043b\u044e-\u0434\u0430\u0433 (6930), \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0439 \u0411\u0443\u043b\u0430\u043a (8071) \u2013 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442 \u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u0443 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0443 \u0441 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043c, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0410\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f IV<\/p>\n

\u041e\u0431\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0412\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f , \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f V<\/p>\n

\u0414\u0430\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432, \u043e\u0431\u0435 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0440\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0432 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u044e \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0442 \u0443\u0449\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044e.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f VI<\/p>\n

\u041e\u0431\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u044e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0430\u043c. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u044b.<\/p>\n

\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445, \u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0446\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f VII<\/p>\n

\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 , \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0442\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u0441 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u043c\u0443.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f VIII<\/p>\n

\u041e\u0431\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u0431\u043e\u0440\u044c\u0431\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f IX<\/p>\n

\u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0440\u044b\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0437\u0430\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u044e \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0438\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043a.<\/p>\n

\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432\u044a\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0425<\/p>\n

\u041d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u0432\u044b\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\n

\u0412\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f XI<\/p>\n

\u041e\u0431\u0435 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0431\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b.<\/p>\n

\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043c \u043c\u0443\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f XII<\/p>\n

\u0412\u0441\u044f\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e 1918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0441\u044f \u043d\u044b\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u0437\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0449\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0411\u0430\u0442\u0443\u043c\u0430, \u0441\u044e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0413\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f XIII<\/p>\n

\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 3-\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u0438 6-\u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0410\u0437\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e \u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0443\u0440\u043e\u043a, \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u041f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f XIV<\/p>\n

\u041e\u0431\u0435 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044e, \u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435, \u0444\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0443.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f XV<\/p>\n

\u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0438, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0420\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f XVI<\/p>\n

\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0435 \u0432 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043b\u0438\u0436\u0430\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0440\u043e\u043a.<\/p>\n

\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u043b\u0443 \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0437\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442.XIII.<\/p>\n

\u0412 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u0421\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 2-\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043f\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0435 \u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0430 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 (\u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0434\u044c\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e).<\/p>\n

\u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0427\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d \u042e\u0441\u0443\u0444 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c
\n\u0414\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0414-\u0440 \u0420\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u041d\u0443\u0440
\n\u0410\u043b\u0438 \u0424\u0443\u0430\u0434<\/p>\n

\u041f\u0420\u0418\u041b\u041e\u0416\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0415 I (A)<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c (\u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 \u0440\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043c 1\/210000-5 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c\u0435):<\/p>\n

\u0414\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f \u0421\u0430\u0440\u043f \u043d\u0430 \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u2013 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0428\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u0440 (5014) \u2013 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0427\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0445 \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0412. \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0434\u043d \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0443\u0440-\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0425\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0442\u0430 (7052) \u2013 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u0432\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0431\u0435 \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u2013 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u041c\u0435\u0434\u0437\u0438\u0431\u043d\u0430 \u2013 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442-\u043a\u0435\u0441\u0443\u043d (6468) \u2013 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b. \u041a\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0430 (7910) \u2013 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0445\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0442\u0430 \u0428\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0428\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u044b\u0447\u0430\u0438 (\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u0430\u043b) (8478) \u2013 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043b \u041a\u0432\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0431\u044b\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0410\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0443 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u041a\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b-\u0434\u0430\u0433 \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u0434\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0422\u043b\u0438\u043b (\u0413\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u044b) (8357) \u2013 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0410\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0411\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430, \u043a \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0432-\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0438 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u043a \u044e\u0433\u0443 \u0434\u043e \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0427\u0430\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0445-\u0442\u0430\u043c \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u0438, \u0438\u0434\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0443, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0410\u0439\u0440\u0438\u043b\u044f\u043d-\u0431\u0430\u0448\u0438 (8512) \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u041a\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435-\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 (8463) \u0438 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d-\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 (9709) \u2013 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u041a\u0430\u0441\u0440\u0438\u0441-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438 (9681) \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u044e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0437\u0430-\u043c\u0435\u0442-\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0434\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u044b \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0435\u0433\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u044b \u043a \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0432, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u044b, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u044b \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430-\u043e\u0433\u043b\u044b (7259) \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044f\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0437\u0435\u0440\u043e \u0425\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u043d, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435 7580 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u043a \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0413\u0435\u043a\u0434\u0430\u0433 (9152) \u2013 \u0423\u0447\u044c-\u0422\u0430\u043f\u0430\u043b\u044f\u0440 (9783) \u2013 \u0422\u0430\u044f-\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0430 (9716) \u2013 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430 9065, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0410\u0440\u0434\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0411\u043e\u043b. \u0410\u0445-\u0411\u0430\u0431\u0430 (9973) \u2013 8828 (8827) \u2013 7602 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0418\u0431\u0438\u0448, \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b 7518 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043a \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u041a\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b-\u0434\u0430\u0448 (7439) (7490) \u2013 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f \u041d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043b-\u0434\u0430\u0448 (\u041a\u043d\u0437\u0438\u043b-\u0434\u0430\u0448) \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f \u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430-\u041c\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0434, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0443 \u0414\u0436\u0430\u043c\u0443\u0448\u0431\u0443-\u0447\u0430\u0439 (\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0414\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440, \u0411. \u041a\u043c\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0441) \u2013 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0411\u0430\u0448-\u0428\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u043f\u0430-\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0435\u0433\u0443 \u0410\u0440\u043f\u0430-\u0447\u0430\u0439, \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043a \u0440. \u0410\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435 \u2013 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0435\u0433\u0443 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u0434\u043e \u0432\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u041d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0443.<\/p>\n

(NB. \u0420\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442).<\/p>\n

\u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0427\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d \u042e\u0441\u0443\u0444 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c
\n\u0414\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0414-\u0440 \u0420\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u041d\u0443\u0440
\n\u0410\u043b\u0438 \u0424\u0443\u0430\u0434<\/p>\n

\u041f\u0420\u0418\u041b\u041e\u0416\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0415 I (B)<\/p>\n

\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 I(\u0410), \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0435\u0433\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043a \u0410\u0440\u043f\u0430-\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0438 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430, \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0433\u0430\u0443\u0437\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c -\u042d\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043c \u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u043f\u0430-\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430. \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0410\u0440\u043f\u0430-\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u0410 \u0438 \u0411 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430 I \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0410\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0435 II.<\/p>\n

I. \u0417\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u043f\u0430-\u0447\u0430\u0439<\/p>\n

\u0410) \u041a \u044e\u0433\u043e-\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043b\u044b \u2013 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0423\u0437\u0443\u043d-\u041a\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u2013 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0443 \u0411\u043e\u0437\u044f\u0440 (5096) \u2013 5082 \u2013 5047 \u2013 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440-\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043a \u2013 \u0423\u0447\u044c-\u0442\u0430\u043f\u0430 (5578) \u2013 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0437-\u043e\u0433\u043b\u044b \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u043d\u0438 \u2013 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u043f\u0430-\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043a \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0415\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n

\u0411) \u041e\u0442\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u0440\u043f\u0430-\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u044b 5019 \u2013 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u043a \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0435 5481 \u2013 \u0432 4 ? \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u041a\u044b\u0437\u044b\u043b\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u2013 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043a \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0411\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043b\u044b \u2013 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0414\u0438\u0433\u043e\u0440-\u0447\u0430\u0439 \u2013 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0437-\u041a\u0435\u0447\u0443\u0442 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e \u043a \u0441\u0435\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u043e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043d \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0433 \u0438 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u043f\u0430-\u0447\u0430\u0439.<\/p>\n

II.\u0417\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0430<\/p>\n

\u041f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0430\u043d \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0421\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430\u043d (\u0414\u0438\u0437\u0430).<\/p>\n

\u0412 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445, \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044b \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c \u2013 \u042d\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044c \u0438 \u2013 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 , \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0431\u044b \u0442\u043e \u043d\u0438 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u044d\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043d) \u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430, \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0430, \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n

\u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0427\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d \u042e\u0441\u0443\u0444 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c
\n\u0414\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0414-\u0440 \u0420\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u041d\u0443\u0440
\n\u0410\u043b\u0438 \u0424\u0430\u0443\u0434<\/p>\n

\u041f\u0420\u0418\u041b\u041e\u0416\u0415\u041d\u0418\u0415 I (C)<\/p>\n

\u0422\u0435\u0440\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438<\/p>\n

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0410\u0440\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442-\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0439-\u0411\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0433 (8071) \u2013 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0443\u0440\u043b\u044e-\u0434\u0430\u0433 (6839), (6930) \u2013 3080-\u0421\u0430\u044f\u0442-\u0434\u0430\u0433 (7868)- \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044f \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0442-\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0433 (\u041a\u044e\u0440\u0442-\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0430\u0433) \u2013 \u0413\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440-\u0434\u0430\u0433 (8160) \u2013 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0430 8022 \u2013 \u041a\u044e\u043a\u0438-\u0434\u0430\u0433 (10282) \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f , \u0430\u0434\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u041d\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n

\u0413\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0439 \u0427\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d \u042e\u0441\u0443\u0444 \u041a\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c
\n\u0414\u0436\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043b \u041a\u043e\u0440\u043a\u043c\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u0414-\u0440 \u0420\u0438\u0437\u0430 \u041d\u0443\u0440
\n\u0410\u043b\u0438 \u0424\u0430\u0443\u0434<\/p>\n

\u041f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442. \u043f\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0445. \u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b. \u0432 \u201e\u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438\u2026\u201d \u2116 73, 12 \u0434\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0431\u0440\u044f 1921 \u0433., \u0441\u0442\u0440. 731-735.<\/p>\n

\u0414\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0412\u0426\u0418\u041a 20 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 1921 \u0433.,
\n\u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043c \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0421\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0422\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u2013 31 \u0438\u044e\u043b\u044f 1921.
\n\u041e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043b\u0441\u044f
\n22 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1921 \u0433. \u0432 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0435.
\n\u0414\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420, \u041c. 1959\u0433. 597-604<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  POSADA\u00a0 AZI Sun Tzu \u2013 Mariana Gurza \u2013 Pu\u0219i Dinulescu \u2013 Dimitrie Grama \u2013 Mihaela Georgescu-Delafras \u2013 Silvia Jinga [&hellip<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-27875","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articole"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27875","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27875"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27875\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27879,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27875\/revisions\/27879"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27875"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27875"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27875"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}