{"id":32115,"date":"2017-10-01T15:24:20","date_gmt":"2017-10-01T15:24:20","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/?p=32115"},"modified":"2017-10-01T15:29:39","modified_gmt":"2017-10-01T15:29:39","slug":"gandhi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/2017\/10\/01\/gandhi\/","title":{"rendered":"Gandhi Jayanti 2 octombrie 2017 – Prelegere de Dr. George Anca, BNR"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

He Rama! Gayatry…<\/em><\/p>\n

Ast\u0103zi s-a n\u0103scutHristos,<\/em><\/p>\n

Mesia cel Luminos…<\/em><\/p>\n

Jai Hind! Jai Gandhi!<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u0103 ne reg\u0103sim \u00een marele suflet Mahatma Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, n\u0103scut 2 October 1869, Porbandar, Gujarat, asasinat 30 ianuarie 1948, 78 de ani. <\/strong>A fost \u00a0Avocat,<\/a> Politician, Activist, Scriitor, Soldat . Lider al Mi\u0219c\u0103rii de Independen\u021b\u0103 a Indiei \u0219i al\u00a0 Congresului Na\u021bional Indian. A condus numeroase campanii na\u021bionale pentru swaraj \u2013 autodeterminare. A condus faimosul Mar\u0219 al s\u0103rii (1930). A chemat englezii s\u0103 plece,\u00a0 <\/a>Quit India<\/a> \u00een 1942. Gandhi Jayanti, na\u0219terea sa, este s\u0103rb\u0103toare Na\u021bional\u0103 a Indiei \u0219i, \u00een toat\u0103 lumea,\u0219i la noi, aici, Ziua Interna\u021bional\u0103 a Nonviolen\u021bei. <\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ahimsa \u00eembr\u0103\u0163i\u015feaz\u0103 toate religiile \u015fi filosofiile, fie islamic\u0103, budhhist\u0103, parsi, tao, cre\u015ftin\u0103, vedic\u0103, \u015finto, sikh or jain\u0103, dincolo de hotarele provinicialismului, \u015fovinismului lingvistic, sectarianismului sau comunalismului. Nu e proprietatea nici unui individ, e un sim\u0163\u0103m\u00e2nt universal.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rgveda<\/em>: \u201cIart\u0103-ne, o, Varuna, dac\u0103 am f\u0103cut r\u0103u unei persoane care ne iube\u015fte, unui prieten, coleg sau vecin, sau chiar unei persoane necunoscute\u201d. Yajurveda<\/em>: \u201cLas\u0103-m\u0103 s\u0103 v\u0103d \u00een toate fiin\u0163ele semeni\u201d. Atharvaveda<\/em>: \u201cO, Doamne, f\u0103-m\u0103 s\u0103 m\u0103 simt prieten tuturor fiin\u0163elor omene\u015fti, fie c\u0103 le cunosc, fie c\u0103 nu\u201d. Chhandogya upanishad<\/em>: \u201ccineva poate atinge Brahma Loka \u00eemplinind toate datoriile fa\u0163\u0103 de \u00eenv\u0103\u0163\u0103torul s\u0103u, studiind Vedele, gener\u00e2nd religiozitate printre fiii \u015fi discipolii s\u0103i, control\u00e2nd \u015fi internaliz\u00e2nd toate organele de sim\u0163, neangaj\u00e2ndu-se \u00een violen\u0163\u0103 sau \u00een orice alt fel \u00eempotriva vreunei fiin\u0163e vii a\u015fa cum se arat\u0103 \u00een scripturi \u015fi comport\u00e2ndu-se astfel p\u00e2n\u0103 la sf\u00e2r\u015fitul vie\u0163ii sale\u201d. Ramayana<\/em>: \u201cRegele trebuie s\u0103 protejeze femeile, copiii, b\u0103tr\u00e2nii \u015fi pe cel ce a c\u0103utat ad\u0103post la el\u201d. Mahabharata<\/em>: \u201cAhimsa e de un ordin mai \u00eenalt dec\u00e2t am\u00e2ndou\u0103 \u00eendeletnicirile de a c\u00e2\u015ftiga bani sau de a \u0163ine ritualurile\u201d. Mahavira: \u201cCel pe care vrei s\u0103-l ucizi nu e altul dec\u00e2t tine \u00eensu\u0163i\u201d. Buddha: \u201cConsider\u00e2ndu-i pe ceilal\u0163i asemeni \u0163ie, nu trebuie s\u0103-i ucizi sau s\u0103 la\u015fi s\u0103 fie uci\u015fi\u201d. Bodhicharyavatar<\/em>: \u201cUn om devine inferior ucig\u00e2nd o fiin\u0163\u0103 vie\u201d. Mahatma Gandhi: \u201cAm pornit \u00een c\u0103utarea adev\u0103rului. Am g\u0103sit ahimsa.\u201d Vinoba: \u201c a distruge du\u015fm\u0103nia, pofta, foamea, boala\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Iisus Hristos: \u201cIube\u015fte-\u0163i du\u015fmanul\u201d. Koran Sharif<\/em>: \u201cBismillahurrehmanerahim\u201d (Dumnezeu este atotbl\u00e2nd). Dr. King: \u201cUniversul e de partea drept\u0103\u0163ii\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00cen studen\u021bia londonez\u0103, Societatea Theosofic\u0103 l-a invitat pe Gandhi, de 20 de ani, s\u0103 citeasc\u0103 Bhagavad Gita \u00een traducere \u0219i \u00een original. Gita incipit: Dharma Kshetra Kurukshetra…<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Activist pentru drepturi civile \u00een Africa de Sud\u00a0\u00a0 (1893\u20131914) . Avea 23 de ani, a petrecut, luptat, 21 de ani \u00een Natal \u0218i Durban. Dat jos din tren la Pietermaritzburg pentru c\u0103 n-a p\u0103r\u0103sit clasa I. \u00cen timpul r\u0103zboiului cu Burii, Gandhi a format \u00een 1900 un grup de ambulan\u021bieri la Natal, \u00een favoarea englezilor.\u00cen 11 septembrie 1906,\u00a0 r\u0103spuns la\u00a0 restric\u021biile guvernului Transvaal contra\u00a0 indienilor \u0219i chinezilor, Gandhi adopt\u0103 Satyagraha (devo\u021biune pentru adev\u0103r) sau protest nonviolent.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Se \u00eentoarce \u00een India \u00een 1915, av\u00e2nd reputa\u021bie interna\u021bional\u0103 ca un lider na\u021bionalist indian, teoritician \u0219i organizator al comunit\u0103\u021bii.<\/a>\u00cen aprilie 1918, \u00een ultima parte a Primului R\u0103zboi Mondial, caut\u0103 s\u0103 recruteze, nu ambulan\u021bi\u0219ti, ci combatan\u021bi, scriind viceregelui:\u201epersonal nu voi omor\u00e2 sau r\u0103ni pe nimeni, prieten sau du\u0219man\u201d.<\/a> Satiagraha nonviolente: Champaran, Kheda, Mar\u0219ul S\u0103rii, mi\u0219carea Khilafat, mi\u0219carea noncooperare.<\/a>1920 \u021b\u0103rani telugu, \u00eentr-o pies\u0103, \u00eel portretizeaz\u0103 pe Gandhi ca un mesia, o re\u00eencarnare.<\/a>1930\u00a0 El folose\u0219te expresii ca\u00a0 Rama-rajya din Ramayana, swaraj, satyagraha. <\/a>\u00a0<\/a>Churchill l-a numit dictator, un \u201eHindu Mussolini\u201d.<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gita – Cap 7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nu m\u0103 predau acelor mincino\u0219i<\/p>\n

grozav de pro\u0219ti, cei mai mici din omenire,<\/p>\n

a c\u0103ror cunoa\u0219tere este furt de iluzie \u0219i care<\/p>\n

fac parte din natura atee a demonilor.<\/p>\n

O, cel mai bun dintre Bharatas, patru tipuri de oameni<\/p>\n

evlavio\u0219i \u00eemi ofer\u0103\u00a0 serviciul devo\u021bional –<\/p>\n

cel nefericit, doritorul bog\u0103\u021biei, curiosul \u0219i<\/p>\n

cel care caut\u0103 cunoa\u0219terea Absolutului.<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Campanie \u00eemotriva oric\u0103rei particip\u0103rii indiene la cel de-al Doilea R\u0103zboi Mondial, \u00een favoarea englezilor. Dar peste 2,5 milioane de indieni \u00eel ignor\u0103 pe Gandhi, \u00eenscriindu-se voluntari.<\/span><\/a><\/span> Gandhi se opune\u00a0 separ\u0103rii subcontinentului indian din cauze religioase.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u0103ind\u00a0 \u00eentru\u00a0 Hinduism, Gandhi s-a referit la\u00a0 <\/span><\/a>Bhagavad Gita\u00a0 ca dic\u021bionarul s\u0103u spiritual \u0219i cea mai mare singur\u0103 influen\u021b\u0103 \u00een via\u021ba sa. \u201eDumnezeu este adev\u0103r. Calea adev\u0103rului st\u0103 \u00een ahimsa (nonviolen\u021b\u0103)\u201d (1927).<\/span><\/a>Ne origin\u00e2nd el principiul nonviolen\u021bei, Gandhi\u00a0 l-a aplicat cel dint\u00e2i \u00een c\u00e2mpul politic la scar\u0103 mare. <\/span><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scrieri literare. Hind Swaraj, publicat \u00a0in Gujarati \u00een 1909, The Story of My Experiments with Truth (Gujar\u0101ti), Satyagraha in South Africa,\u00a0 Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule.<\/p>\n

The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi anii 60, 50.000 pagini, 100 volume.<\/p>\n

Mahatma Gandhi despre satyagraha, ahimsa \u0219i aparigraha<\/p>\n

Centralizarea ca sistem nu este adecvat\u0103 pentru func\u021bionarea \u0219i organizarea non-violente ale\u00a0 societ\u0103\u021bii. Este greu s\u0103 realiz\u0103m o societate non-violent\u0103 \u00een cadrul sistemelor centralizate.
\nMajoritatea oamenilor ar uita mai degrab\u0103 moartea tat\u0103lui lor dec\u00e2t pierderea averilor.<\/p>\n

Non-violen\u021ba este indispensabil\u0103 pentru o dezvoltare economic\u0103 real\u0103.<\/p>\n

Cred c\u0103 cel mai eficient mod de a face dreptate este s\u0103 faci dreptate propriului dusman.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gita \/Cap.13<\/strong><\/p>\n

Umilin\u0163\u0103; nonm\u00e2ndrie; non-violen\u021b\u0103;<\/p>\n

toleran\u0163\u0103; simplitate; apropierea de un<\/p>\n

maestru spiritual de bun\u0103 credin\u021b\u0103;<\/p>\n

cur\u0103\u0163enie; statornicie; autocontrol;<\/p>\n

\n

\n

Renun\u021barea la obiectele de satisfac\u021bie<\/p>\n

senzorial\u0103; Absen\u021ba ego-ului fals;<\/p>\n

Percep\u021bia r\u0103ului na\u0219terii, mor\u021bii,<\/p>\n

b\u0103tr\u00e2ne\u021bii \u0219i bolii; deta\u015fare;<\/p>\n

*<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gita \/Cap. 18<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00cenva\u021b\u0103\u00a0 de la Mine, O, Arjuna, cele cinci cauze,<\/p>\n

a\u0219a cum sunt enun\u021bate\u00a0 \u00een doctrina Sankhya,<\/p>\n

pentru realizarea tuturor ac\u021biunilor. Ele sunt:<\/p>\n

corpul fizic, sediul Karma; modurile\u00a0 naturii<\/p>\n

materiale, agentul; cele unsprezece organe de<\/p>\n

percep\u021bie \u0219i ac\u021biune, instrumentele; diferitele<\/p>\n

func\u021biuni pranas; \u0219i, a cincea, constituit\u0103 de<\/p>\n

divinit\u0103\u021bile care prezideaz\u0103 organele.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Unele referin\u021be occidentale despre Gandhi: <\/em>\u201cThe Political Power of Non-Violent Resistance: The Gandhian Technique.\u201d (2006)\u00a0 \u201eNon-violent action from Gandhi to the present\u201d, \u201eThe Experience of Non-Violent Action from Gandhi to the Present.\u201d \u00a0\u00a0\u201cToward a Revaluation of Gandhi\u2019s Political Thought.\u201d\u201cGandhi on Democracy, Politics and the Ethics of Everyday Life.\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Gita \/Cap.2<\/strong><\/p>\n

O, Partha, cum poate o persoan\u0103<\/p>\n

care \u0219tie c\u0103 sufletul este indestructibil,<\/p>\n

etern, nen\u0103scut \u0219i imuabil,<\/p>\n

s\u0103 omoare pe cineva sau s\u0103 fac\u0103 pe cineva s\u0103 omoare?<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

C\u00e2nd o persoan\u0103 \u00eembrac\u0103 haine noi,<\/p>\n

renun\u021b\u00e2nd la cele vechi,<\/p>\n

tot astfel sufletul accept\u0103\u00a0 noi corpuri materiale,<\/p>\n

renun\u021b\u00e2nd la cele vechi \u0219i nefolositoare.<\/p>\n

*<\/p>\n

Sufletul nu poate fi niciodat\u0103 t\u0103iat \u00een buc\u0103\u021bi de nicio arm\u0103,<\/p>\n

nici ars de foc,<\/p>\n

nici umezit de ap\u0103,<\/p>\n

nici uscat de v\u00e2nt.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 De ahimsa (nonviolen\u0163\u0103), \u00een Rom\u00e2nia a vorbit, \u00een cuno\u015ftin\u0163\u0103 de cauz\u0103, prima oar\u0103, Mircea Eliade, \u00een articole, romane, jurnale \u015fi memorii : \u201cPrima floare care i se ofer\u0103 acestuia este ahimsa, \u00een sens propriu ea \u00eenseamn\u0103 non-violen\u0163\u0103\u201d (\u201cIntroducere \u00een tantrismul secret\u201d); \u201cAceast\u0103 extraordinar\u0103 nebunie a Indiei, s\u0103 ias\u0103 ne\u00eenarmat\u0103 \u00een fa\u0163a tancurilor \u015fi mitralierelor europene\u201d; (\u00een \u00eenchisoare) \u201cAm fost rugat \u015fi eu s\u0103 improvizez un curs de istoria religiilor \u015fi s\u0103 vorbesc despre Gandhi \u015fi mi\u015fcarea na\u0163ionalist\u0103 indian\u0103\u201d; \u201c\u015eeful G\u0103rzii de Fier alesese calea nonviolen\u0163ei\u201d; \u201cCe revolu\u0163ie na\u0163ional\u0103 \u015fi social\u0103, \u00een afar\u0103 de cea a lui Gandhi, str\u0103b\u0103tut\u0103 de duh cre\u015ftin \u015fi tolstoian \u2013 a \u00eendr\u0103znit s\u0103-\u015fi fac\u0103 \u201cpropagand\u0103\u201d cer\u00e2nd oamenilor s\u0103 se apropie de c\u0103lug\u0103ri \u015fi s\u0103 fie \u00een orice clip\u0103 aproape de moarte? Semnifica\u0163ia revolu\u0163iei pe care o n\u0103zuie\u015fte d. Corneliu Codreanu este at\u00e2t de profund mistic\u0103 \u00eenc\u00e2t succesul ei ar \u00eensemna \u00eenc\u0103 odat\u0103 victoria duhului cre\u015ftin \u00een Europa\u201d.<\/p>\n

T\u00e2n\u0103rul Eliade consemna \u201cprofunda unitate a culturii aborigene indiene \u015fi cea a tradi\u0163iilor populare rom\u00e2ne\u015fti\u201d. Dup\u0103 Cicerone Poghirc \u015fi Amita Bhose, oarecum protocronist, Rom\u00e2nia-India se citesc \u015fi Miori\u0163a-ahimsa. <\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Gandhianismul este o doctrin\u0103 spiritual-politic\u0103 \u00eenemeiat\u0103 pe nonviolen\u0163\u0103, pe ahimsa. Mahatma Gandhi, p\u0103rintele na\u0163iunii indiene, a fost luat drept model \u015fi \u00een afara Indiei, Martin Luther King fiind printre clasici \u015fi martiri, asemeni maestrului. Doamna Usha Mehta, custode al muzeului Gandhi (Nani) din Bombay, mi-a povestit cum Dr. King a rugat-o, iar dumneaei a acceptat, s\u0103-i permit\u0103 s\u0103 doarm\u0103 o noapte unde dormea Gandhi, pentru a primi ceva din tr\u0103irile, vibra\u0163iile aceluia. Voind s\u0103 pronun\u0163 \u201egandhianism\u201d \u00een America, \u00eentr-un context public, am sim\u0163it un impuls ca \u015fi electric purt\u00eendu-i pe cei doi \u015fi cred c\u0103 am t\u0103cut, \u00een spirit jain.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lucian Blaga despre Gandhi: \u201e\u00cen acest om, totul era redus la esen\u021b\u0103, chiar \u0219i la aspect; Chiar \u0219i num\u0103rul de din\u021bi, inutilul c\u0103zuse. Gandhi d\u0103 impresia puternic\u0103 unui b\u0103rbat care se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o concentrare interioar\u0103 constant\u0103, dar pentru care concentrarea nu mai este un efort, ci un stat organic. Figura lui este \u00eenso\u021bit\u0103 de mi\u0219c\u0103ri strict necesare pentru a ap\u0103rea rigide. Nici un gest nervos sau inutil. Nici un cuv\u00e2nt prea mult. Totul este st\u0103p\u00e2nit, f\u0103r\u0103 a fi artificial. “<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00eend Lucian Blaga a asistat la o conferin\u0163\u0103 a lui Gandhi la Lausanne, poveste\u0219te \u0218tefania Velisar-Teodoreanu – s-a deta\u015fat parc\u0103 de mesajul imediat pentru a face loc unei fulgura\u0163ii unice, altceva dec\u00eet impresiile l\u0103sate de personalit\u0103\u0163ile altor g\u00eenditori pe care \u00eei \u00eent\u00eelnise \u00eenainte, cum a \u015fi scris \u00eentr-un articol cunoscut ast\u0103zi \u015fi \u00een India. Mai mult, acea vedere a devenit povestirea lui preferat\u0103, ritmat\u0103 ca un mahapranam\/respira\u0163ie lung\u0103 \u00eentr-o repovestire:<\/p>\n

Ne-a povestit odata despre Gandhi – Tagore si Gandhi – cum l-a cunoscut \u00een Elvetia.
\nStia, ca un regizor extraordinar, sa povesteasca. Tot \u00eencepea asa, cu un glas domolit. Si \u00eencet se intensifica si privirea, si tot, si pe urma \u00eeti crea ca o halucinatie. Spunea cum a venit \u00eent\u00eei Gandhi. Venise pentru o conferinta. Pe scena era o masa. Si-a venit omuletul acesta. Gandhi, \u00eembracat \u00eentr-o camasa de l\u00eena alba, mi se pare c-avea si picioarele goale, cred, dar nu stiu sigur. Si dintr-un salt s-a asezat \u00een forma de Budha – cum stau ei, asa – pe masa si a \u00eenceput sa vorbeasca cu glas foarte mic \u00eent\u00eei. Lumea a trebuit sa ciuleasca urechile ca sa asculte. Si pe urma, din ce \u00een ce – ca la Blaga – glasul se intensifica. A \u00eenceput sa le vorbeasca, ma rog, de chestiunile lor hinduse… Si glasul se intensifica din ce \u00een ce, din ce \u00een ce, si din ce \u00een ce avea Blaga impresia ca masa se facea mai mare, ca Gandhi crestea, ca tot restul era ca o pestera \u00een care numai Gandhi stralucea la mijloc… \u00cen fine, ca un regizor! El vedea si ce spunea Gandhi. Nu mai tin minte de acum o mie de ani! Dar avea darul acesta nemaipomenit de a se transforma – si \u00een glas, si \u00een toate. Era extraordinar de fermecator si neprevazut \u00een tot felul. Dar eu mai mult nu stiu sa-ti spun, fiindca nu tin minte ce vorbea, de unele si de altele.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Gandhi vs Machiavelli. \u00cen cartea sa The Gandhian Mode of Becoming (10), Dr. Catalin Mamali adaug\u0103 la “lista simpl\u0103” a termenilor de compara\u021bie – Socrate, Isus, Buddha, Confucius, Martin Luther, Thoreau, Ruskin, Tolstoy, Freud, Mao, Lenin, Savarkar, Martin Luther King Jr. \u0219i Mama Teresa – un alt cadru de referin\u021b\u0103: Niccolo Machiavelli. O caracteristic\u0103 special\u0103 pentru o carte despre Gandhi publicat\u0103 \u00een India poate fi \u0219i num\u0103rul mare de autori rom\u00e2ni \u00een bibliografie: Badina O, Blaga L, Botez M, Brucan S, Constante L, Dr\u0103ghicescu M, Eliade M, Gusti D, Herseni T, Ierunca V, Istrati P, Mamali C, Neculau A, Preda M, Zapan G.
\n“Ca g\u00e2nditor \u0219i practician al politicii, Machiavelli a avut o influen\u021b\u0103 profund\u0103 asupra vie\u021bii politice europene. C\u0103utarea puterii prin orice mijloc a fost principalul principiu al filosofiei sale.Contrar acestuia, Gandhi a predicat \u0219i a practicat principiile etice ale purit\u0103\u021bii mijloacelor pentru atingerea obiectivelor sale. Cu greu ne putem imagina\u00a0 \u00a0dou\u0103 puncte de vedere complet opuse \u0219i c\u0103ile lor de via\u021b\u0103 “(Govindbhai Raval, Vice-cancelar, \u00een” Cuv\u00e2nt \u00eenainte “).
\n” Interesant, ambii luptau pentru libertatea \u021b\u0103rilor lor. Dar lui Machiavelli astfel de gigantice sarcini au sporit pentru Prin\u021b.\u00a0 Dup\u0103 Gandhi eliberarea ar putea fi f\u0103cut\u0103 numai pentru cei care pot fi elibera\u021bi; poporul, nu \u0103n felul \u00een care\u00a0 Machiavelli (\u0219i tradi\u021bia marxist\u0103) au v\u0103zut oamenii ca “mase”, ca admiratori superficiali ai succeselor: deci s\u0103-i conduc\u0103 hr\u0103nindu-i cu succese\u201d (Johan Galtung \u00een”Introducere “).
\n\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>De-a lungul anilor, la o mas\u0103 rotund\u0103 dedicat\u0103 lui Mahatma Gandhi, dr. Surender Bhutani, rezident la Var\u0219ovia, a f\u0103cut referire la cartea “Gandhi, o defec\u021biune sublim\u0103” de Surender S.S. Gill, ad\u0103ug\u00e2nd semnul \u00eentreb\u0103rii, dar invoc\u00e2nd \u0219i descenden\u021ba lui Gandhi de pe piedestal. Sa speculat \u00een contextul \u00een care Holocaustul provocat de separarea Indiei de Pakistan \u00een 1947 ar fi putut fi evitat. Vorbitorul a fost capabil s\u0103 familiarizeze publicul cu ambele probleme, inclusiv cu actualul politico-social, \u0219i cu implicarea lui Gandhi la scara poporului indian \u0219i a omenirii (gandhianismul, remarcabil prin Martin Luther King \u0219i campania preziden\u021bial\u0103 a lui Barack Obama).<\/p>\n

Gandhi \u0219i Mahavira. \u00a0Al 24-lea, ultimul Thrtankara, Mahavira a clasificat oamenii \u00een trei categorii: av\u00e2nd multe dorin\u021be (Mahechha), av\u00e2nd pu\u021bine dorin\u021be (Alpechha), f\u0103r\u0103 dorin\u021be (Ichhajayi). Economia nonviolen\u021bei, al\u0103turi de eradicarea s\u0103r\u0103ciei, se aplic\u0103 \u0219i conceptului de vrati (dedicat) al lui Mhavira. El a dat trei direc\u021bii \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te produc\u021bia: s\u0103 nu fie fabricate arme de violen\u021b\u0103 (ahimsappyane), s\u0103 nu fie asamblate arme (asanjutahikarne), s\u0103 nu se fac\u0103 instruc\u021biuni pentru munca p\u0103c\u0103toas\u0103 \u0219i violent\u0103 (apavkammovades).<\/p>\n

Discipolul s\u0103u, Ganadhara Gautama, \u00eel \u00eentreba pe Mahavira: “Doamne! Poate omul s\u0103 ating\u0103 iluminarea (kevalya)? “<\/p>\n

Mahavira a spus: “Da, el poate”.
\nGautama: “Doamne! cum poate face acest lucru? ”
\nMahavira: “Renun\u021b\u00e2nd la violen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i posesivitate”.
\nGautama: “Poate cineva s\u0103 fie disciplinat spiritual?”
\nMahavira: “Da, el poate”
\nGautama: “Doamne! cum poate face acest lucru? ”
\nMahavira: “Prin renun\u021barea la violen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i posesivitate”.<\/p>\n


\n<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00cen loc de violen\u021b\u0103, Origen \u0219i Tertullian au recomandat martiriul. Exerci\u021biile ermeneutice ale lui Origen din Alexandria s-au confruntat cu tortur\u0103 \u0219i cu martiriul. Deoarece “mijlocul decisiv pentru politic\u0103 este violen\u021ba” (Max Weber), un exemplu post-secund al celui de-al doilea r\u0103zboi mondial este dat de tortura prizonierilor politici \u00een timpul regimului comunist din Rom\u00e2nia opus\u0103 de rug\u0103ciunile poeziilor, probabil \u00een acord cu non-rezisten\u021ba, nonviolen\u021ba, ahimsa, sufletul mare, \u0219i satyagraha.<\/p>\n

Cele trei volume (2009-2011, Antropologia violen\u021bei, Antropologia religiilor, Conflictul religios \u0219i Medierea), lucr\u0103rile de masterat \u00een Antropologia violen\u021bei \/ religiologie \/ mediere, pe care le-am condus, fac loc \u0219i ahimsa: Violen\u021ba, un alt tip de religie; Nonviolen\u021ba \u0219i Ahimsa Jaina – Martin Luther King \u0219i nonviolen\u021ba – Ritualuri \u00een religiile iudaice, budiste \u0219i zoruba; Ritualuri de trecere \u00een via\u021ba unui hindus; Vegetarianism \u0219i violen\u021b\u0103; Violen\u021b\u0103 \u0219i sacru. Impreuna cu temele si bibliografia sugerate, au fost abordate si evenimentele actualizate cum ar fi: Pelerinaj pe drumul sfintilor, la Bucuresti; cuvinte despre Dumnezeu spuse de p\u0103rin\u021bi copiilor (“te vede \u0219i te pedepse\u0219te dac\u0103 e\u0219ti r\u0103u”); tranzac\u021bia imobiliar\u0103 frauduloas\u0103 \u00eentre M\u0103n\u0103stirea Vatopedi de pe Muntele Atos \u0219i statul grec;
\nSuspendarea de c\u0103tre Vatican a episcopului John Thattungal de 58 de ani din Episcopia Kochi din India pentru a adopta o femeie de 26 de ani; Religios \/ satanic \u00een polemica electoral\u0103.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Conflictul religios \u0219i medierea. Ce este un terorist religios \u0219i un pacificator? “Religia provoac\u0103 pacea”, dar se poate mobiliza pentru r\u0103zboi, ataca \u021bintele religioase sau converte\u0219te du\u0219manul.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>Mahatma Gandhi traduc\u00e2nd din Gita:<\/p>\n

\u00a0Among thousands of men hardly one strives after perfections; among those who strive hardly one knows Me in truth. (7.3)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Kalidasa:<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Arjuna a ars p\u0103durea Khandava<\/p>\n

Auritei Lanka i-a pus foc Hanuman<\/p>\n

Kamadeva a fost ars de Shankara<\/p>\n

Dar nimeni n-a ars s\u0103r\u0103cia care arde pe to\u0163i<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

He Rama! Gayatry… Ast\u0103zi s-a n\u0103scutHristos, Mesia cel Luminos… Jai Hind! Jai Gandhi! \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u0103 ne reg\u0103sim \u00een marele [&hellip<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32115","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-articole"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32115","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=32115"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32115\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":32118,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/32115\/revisions\/32118"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=32115"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=32115"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.marianagurza.ro\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=32115"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}